Discussion on Electric Power Supply Systems for All Electric Aircraft
Open accessAbstract
The electric power supply system is one of the most important research areas within sustainable and energy-efficient aviation for more- and especially all electric aircraft. This paper discusses the history in electrification, current trends with a broad overview of research activities, state of the art of electrification and an initial proposal for a short-range aircraft. It gives an overview of the mission profile, electrical sources, approaches for the electrical distribution system and the required electrical loads. Current research aspects and questions are discussed, including voltage levels, semiconductor technology, topologies and reliability. Because of the importance for safety possible circuit breakers for the proposed concept are also presented and compared, leading to a initial proposal. Additionally, a very broad review of literature and a state of the art discussion of the wiring harness is given, showing that this topic comes with a high number of aspects and requirements. Finally, the conclusion sums up the most important results and gives an outlook on important future research topics.
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BackgroundEnhancement mode gallium nitride transistor reliability
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Fuel cell based auxiliary power unit in more electric aircraft
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Design and Development of a 200-kw Turbo-Electric Distributed Propulsion Testbed
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Non-isolating DC/DC converter for a fuel cell powered aircraft
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“The converter for the battery has to be bidirectional to enable charging and discharging, while the converter connecting the fuel cell can be unidirectional [69], [103].”
Background6.5-kV Full-SiC Power Module (HV100) with SBD-embedded SiC-MOSFETs
Nakashima, J., Fukumoto, A., Obiraki, Y., Oi, T., Mitsui, Y., Nakatake, H., Toyoda, Y., Nishizawa, A., Kawahara, K., Hino, S., et al. (2018) · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Analysis and design of coupled inductor for interleaved multiphase three-level DC-DC converters
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“size reduction of these is possible [104].”
Predictive physical model of cosmic-radiation-induced failures of power devices
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“It reduces the probability of a parasitic turn-on by a neutron [101], [102].”
BackgroundDC/DC-converter for fuel cell integration in more electric aircraft applications
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“The converter for the battery has to be bidirectional to enable charging and discharging, while the converter connecting the fuel cell can be unidirectional [69], [103].”
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A First Evaluation of Thick Oxide 3C-SiC MOS Capacitors Reliability
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“Solutions to eliminate PDs could be developed in future research projects, like the use of screened cables [156] and new insulation materials which provide better PD resistance sheathes [157].”
BackgroundInfluentialOperation and protection of 380V DC distribution systems
Niewind, J., Hemdan, N. G. A., Klosinski, C., Bösche, D., Kurrat, M., Gerdinand, F., Meisner, J., & Passon, S. (2017) · doi:10.1109/ptc.2017.7981063 · Cited by 13 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Uncommon failures, which lead to blinding [122], [123] or tripping of multiple switches [124]”
BackgroundSelf-citationFundamentals of Electric Aircraft
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“Results in [94] and [95] promise a high reliability of GaN devices under hard environmental conditions.”
BackgroundAerodynamic Design of the Hybrid Wing Body with Nacelle: N3-X Propulsion-Airframe Configuration
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Modular protection system for fault detection and selective fault clearing in DC microgrids
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“coordinate and control the switches, as proposed in [121].”
BackgroundSelf-citationPower Module for Low Voltage DC Hybrid Circuit Breaker
Askan, K., Bartonek, M., & Weichselbaum, K. (2019) · IEEE International Conference on DC Microgrids · doi:10.1109/icdcm45535.2019.9232874 · Cited by 11 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Askan published in [132] an approach for circuit breakers up to 125A at a voltage level of 380V.”
BackgroundBeiranvand, H., Rokrok, E., & Liserre, M. (2019) · Power Electronics, Drive Systems, and Technologies Conference (PEDSTC) · doi:10.1109/pedstc.2019.8697276 · Cited by 10 · cited 1× · see citing works
“to higher efficiency and therefore lower cooling demand [84].”
BackgroundOperation Mode Analysis of the CLLC Resonant Converter
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Self-citationCorset-like solid electrolyte interface for fast charging of silicon wire anodes
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“For a fast charge, the chemical and mechanical stability for Si wires from the solid electrolyte interface is of particular interest [67].”
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“Size and volume of passive components can be reduced, which is a key advantage for the application in aircraft [83].”
BackgroundPower semiconductor failures due to cosmic rays
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“It reduces the probability of a parasitic turn-on by a neutron [101], [102].”
BackgroundResearches on interruption characteristics of a hybrid HVDC circuit breaker
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Evaluation of the VSC-HVDC system performance in accordance with the more electric aircraft concept
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“Currently, a direct current distribution with voltage levels up to ±270V is used in MEAs [135]–[137].”
MethodPartial Discharge Detection in an Aeronautical Power Cable
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A Study of Partial Discharge in High Voltage DC Distribution Systems for Hybrid Electric Aircraft
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Safety Concepts and Circuit Protection for LVDC-Grids in Datacenters and in Telecommunications
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“Especially for meshed DC-grids, further research is needed to ensure a safe operation [148].”
BackgroundQuasi-Two-Level PWM-Operated Modular Multilevel Converter With Non-Linear Branch Inductors
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“Nevertheless, newest research on power density improvement show significant advancements in the passive components based on quasi two level operation and nonlinear inductor designs [60].”
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“material of the cables is needed [145], [146].”
BackgroundAn Evaluation of High Temperature Superconducting Power Cables for Airborne Application
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Investigating of the Recovery Behaviour of a Small Switching Gap after Current Interuption
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A generic model for fuses to calculate the transients in low-voltage power networks
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Body of Knowledge (BOK): Gallium Nitride (GaN) Power Electronics for Space Applications
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ALL-ELECTRIC FLIGHT CONTROL SYSTEM AND LANDING GEAR SYSTEM MODELS FOR POWER ASSESSMENT STUDIES
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Cited by
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A Review of Multilevel Inverter Topologies in Electric Vehicles: Current Status and Future Trends
Poorfakhraei, A., Narimani, M., & Emadi, A. (2021) · IEEE Open Journal of Power Electronics · doi:10.1109/ojpel.2021.3063550 · Cited by 424 · see citing works
“For example, in future all-electric aircrafts DC voltages of up to 3 kV will be utilized to supply the high-power electric motors [16].”
BackgroundElectric Power Systems in More and All Electric Aircraft: A Review
Barzkar, A., & Ghassemi, M. (2020) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2020.3024168 · Cited by 360 · see citing works
“In [4], using an initial proposed schematic for an”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialComponents of Electrical Power Systems in More and All-Electric Aircraft: A Review
Barzkar, A., & Ghassemi, M. (2022) · IEEE Transactions on Transportation Electrification · doi:10.1109/tte.2022.3174362 · Cited by 233 · see citing works
“, CBs with arc chambers, are considered in the literature [7, 8, 38], but are not discussed in this article, since satisfying requirements for their work is too”
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“Conventionally, the insulation material can be a single layer made of PTFE, ethylene tetrafluoroethylene (ETFE), PI, or even materials used in cross-linked polyethylene (XLPE) [110].”
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“Inside the aircraft body with the environmental control system (ECS) intact, the critical electric field is 25 kV per cm [43], which informs the insulation design of individual power components.”
BackgroundFuture of Electrical Aircraft Energy Power Systems: An Architecture Review
Cano, T. C., Castro, I., Rodríguez, A., Lamar, D. G., Khalil, Y. F., Albiol‐Tendillo, L., & Kshirsagar, P. (2021) · IEEE Transactions on Transportation Electrification · doi:10.1109/tte.2021.3052106 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
“This can be achieved by increasing the electrification efforts and aiming at full or hybrid electric aircrafts or by achieving operation with more sustainable fuels, such as hydrogen or biofuels [11]–[14].”
BackgroundUnprecedented Impacts of Aviation Emissions on Global Environmental and Climate Change Scenario
Sher, F., Raore, D., Klemeš, J. J., Rafi-ul-Shan, P. M., Khzouz, M., Marintseva, K., & Razmkhah, O. (2021) · Current Pollution Reports · doi:10.1007/s40726-021-00206-3 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
“Moreover, they have more reliability and efficiency and produce less noise that could result in ending the ban on night-time flights at various airports [75].”
Potentials and Comparison of Inverter Topologies for Future All-Electric Aircraft Propulsion
Ebersberger, J., Hagedorn, M., Lorenz, M., & Mertens, A. (2022) · IEEE Journal of Emerging and Selected Topics in Power Electronics · doi:10.1109/jestpe.2022.3164804 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Multilevel Inverters for Electric Aircraft Applications: Current Status and Future Trends
Wang, D., Hemming, S., Yang, Y., Poorfakhraei, A., Zhou, L., Liu, C., & Emadi, A. (2023) · IEEE Transactions on Transportation Electrification · doi:10.1109/tte.2023.3296284 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
“On the comFig ponent level, electric motors [19], [20], [21], starter/generator technologies [22], [23], energy storage units [24], and circuit breakers [25] for electric aircraft applications have been investigated.”
BackgroundCharging Technology for Electric Aircraft: State of the Art, Trends, and Challenges
Liang, Y., Mouli, G. R. C., & Bauer, P. (2023) · IEEE Transactions on Transportation Electrification · doi:10.1109/tte.2023.3333536 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
“Barzkar and Ghas-semi [9] and Schefer et al. [10] discussed the electric power systems for electric aircraft in detail, including electric propulsion, system architecture, voltage levels, semiconductor technology and topologies, electric machines, circuit breakers, and other components required in…”
BackgroundOptimal Bipolar MVDC Power Cable Designs for Future Wide-Body All Electric Aircraft
Saha, A., Azizi, A., & Ghassemi, M. (2024) · IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation · doi:10.1109/tdei.2024.3355033 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
“Designing power cables for aircraft applications faces significant challenges such as surface charges, arcing and arc tracking, partial discharges (PDs), and thermal management [3].”
BackgroundReview of High Power and High Voltage Electric Motors for Single-Aisle Regional Aircraft
Alvarez, P., Satrústegui, M., Elósegui, I., & Martinez-Iturralde, M. (2022) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2022.3215692 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
“On the literature work that analyses the state of the art of the different topologies of electric machines in a highly developed and sober way [38], papers that evaluate the thermal systems of this type of aircraft engines [39] and different documents that analyse the electric power systems in the more electric and al…”
BackgroundEbersberger, J., Fauth, L., Keuter, R. J., Cao, Y., Freund, Y., Hanke‐Rauschenbach, R., Ponick, B., Mertens, A., & Friebe, J. (2022) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2022.3217650 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
“Various previous works have focused on the system concept of All-Electric Aircraft (AEA), including safety considerations [3], [5], and on the general feasibility of the full electric approach, showing that it is most viable for short-range commuter aircraft or smaller planes [6], [7].”
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“Hydrogen, which might be used as an AEA’s energy source, could be ignited by discharges with relatively little energy [2].”
BackgroundSolar PV Fed DC Microgrid: Applications, Converter Selection, Design and Testing
Revathi, B. S., & Prabhakar, M. (2022) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2022.3199701 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
“In addition to the well-known electrical distribution systems, DCmicrogrids are advantageously used in some key applications like aircrafts [5], [6], [7], [8], ship board power supplies [9], [10], [11], charging stations for electric vehicles (EVs) [12], [13], [14], [15], DC homes [16], [17], buildings [18] and data c…”
BackgroundBattery Electrolyte Design for Electric Vertical Takeoff and Landing (eVTOL) Platforms
Dixit, M. B., Bisht, A., Witherspoon, B., Essehli, R., Amin, R., Duncan, A. J., Hines, J., Kweon, C.-B., & Belharouak, I. (2024) · Advanced Energy Materials · doi:10.1002/aenm.202400772 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
A Review of Wide Bandgap Semiconductors: Insights into SiC, IGZO, and Their Defect Characteristics
Shangguan, Q., Lv, Y., & Jiang, C. (2024) · Nanomaterials · doi:10.3390/nano14201679 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Saha, A., & Ghassemi, M. (2024) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2024.3368437 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
“Recent studies have explored the use of electrical systems in commercial aircraft as a substitute for conventional mechanical, hydraulic, and pneumatic systems to accomplish this objective [4].”
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Avogadro, N., & Redondi, R. (2024) · Transportation Research Part D Transport and Environment · doi:10.1016/j.trd.2024.104191 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Recent Development of Aircraft Electric Propulsion System: A Technical Review
Chen, W., Yan, Y., Qi, Y., Huang, M. H., & Li, W. (2025) · CES Transactions on Electrical Machines and Systems · doi:10.30941/cestems.2025.00004 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
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Regional pathways for all-electric aircraft to reduce aviation sector greenhouse gas emissions
EATON, J. R., Naraghi, M., & Boyd, J. G. (2024) · Applied Energy · doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2024.123831 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Radomsky, L., Keilmann, R., Ferch, D., & Mallwitz, R. (2024) · CEAS Aeronautical Journal · doi:10.1007/s13272-024-00770-6 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
“The [1, 37] printed circuit board substrate FR4 shows a higher break-down voltage than air.”
InfluentialSelf-citationCryogenically-Cooled Power Electronics for Long-Distance Aircraft
Schefer, H., Canders, W., Hoffmann, J., Mallwitz, R., & Henke, M. (2022) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2022.3228161 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
“5MW (for example, air conditioning [1])”
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“To achieve high power density, MEA and AEA systems need to be shifted toward higher voltage levels, necessitating durable insulation systems capable of withstanding increased electrical stress [7].”
Optimal Electric Power System Architectures for Wide Body All Electric Aircraft
Ghassemi, M., & Saghafi, M. (2022) · IEEE Aerospace Conference (AERO) · doi:10.1109/aero53065.2022.9843195 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
An enhanced substation equipment detection method based on distributed federated learning
Li, Z., Qin, Q., Yang, Y., Mai, X., Ieiri, Y., & Yoshie, O. (2025) · International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems · doi:10.1016/j.ijepes.2025.110547 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Zang, Y., Niasar, M. G., Qian, Y., Zhou, X., Sheng, G., Jiang, X., & Vaessen, P. (2022) · IEEE Transactions on Transportation Electrification · doi:10.1109/tte.2022.3191308 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“electrical stress, in a low-pressure environment, and due to compacting electronic circuitry to reduce space and weight in aircraft, all together it makes the insulation performance more critical compared to that of conventional electrical equipment on land [4], [5].”
BackgroundA Survey on the State-of-the-Art and Future Trends of Multilevel Inverters in BEVs
Hren, A., Truntič, M., & MIHALIC, F. (2023) · Electronics · doi:10.3390/electronics12132993 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Integration of superconducting fault current limiter with solid-state DC circuit breaker
Xi, J., Pei, X., Song, W., Niu, L., Liu, Y., & Zeng, X. (2022) · International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems · doi:10.1016/j.ijepes.2022.108630 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
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Surface Discharges Performance of ETFE- and PTFE-Insulated Wires for Aircraft Applications
Riba, J., Moreno‐Eguilaz, M., Ibrayemov, T., & Boizieau, M. (2022) · Materials · doi:10.3390/ma15051677 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“By using field-grading materials in the insulation layer or by adding insulating filler compounds, it is possible to reduce the electric stress at the expense of adding complexity, weight, increasing the diameter of the cable [20,21], and worsening the thermal behavior of the cable [5].”
MethodAvogadro, N., & Redondi, R. (2024) · Transportation Research Part A Policy and Practice · doi:10.1016/j.tra.2024.104121 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“…more efficient air traffic management and on-ground procedures, and modal shift initiatives (Avogadro and Redondi, 2023; Becken and Mackey, 2017; Scheelhaase et al., 2018; Schefer et al., 2020; Fukui and Miyoshi, 2017; Künnen et al., 2023; Kousoulidou and Lonza, 2016; Hamdan et al., 2022).”
BackgroundChowdhury, S., Saha, A., Rahman, M. A., Kalakonda, S. P., & Ghassemi, M. (2024) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2024.3418789 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“Thus, supplying this huge power in an aircraft while preserving a low system mass demands the optimization of the cable system in an aircraft since the electrical distribution and protection system accounts for 30% of the total mass of EPSs [5].”
BackgroundDevelopment of an Aircraft Electric Power Architecture With Integrated Ground Power Unit
Yang, C.-W., Lu, M.-Z., & Liaw, C. M. (2022) · IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems · doi:10.1109/taes.2022.3151582 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Barke, A., Thies, C., Melo, S. P., Cerdas, F., Herrmann, C. A., & Spengler, T. (2023) · Procedia CIRP · doi:10.1016/j.procir.2023.02.038 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Rahman, M. A., Saha, A., & Ghassemi, M. (2024) · Energies · doi:10.3390/en17123040 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Diverted and induced demand: Evidence from the London-Paris passenger market
Avogadro, N., & Redondi, R. (2023) · Research in Transportation Economics · doi:10.1016/j.retrec.2023.101304 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Optimization of subsidized air transport networks using electric aircraft
Kinene, A., & Birolini, S. (2024) · Transportation Research Part B Methodological · doi:10.1016/j.trb.2024.103065 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Review of Cryogenic Power Electronics for All-Electric Aircraft
Elwakeel, A., Liao, Y., Xiao, Y., Alzola, R. P., Zhang, M., & Yuan, W. (2025) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2025.3539572 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Xu, Z., Qi, Y., Guerrero, J. M., Vásquez, J. C., Wang, Y., Zhao, H., Li, W., & Wu, Y. H. (2024) · IEEE Transactions on Transportation Electrification · doi:10.1109/tte.2024.3369329 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Design of a Cable System for a High-Power Density MVDC Aircraft Electric Power System
Azizi, A., Ghassemi, M., & Lehr, J. M. (2022) · IEEE Conference on Electrical Insulation and Dielectric Phenomena (CEIDP) · doi:10.1109/ceidp55452.2022.9985375 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“There are difficulties with arcing, partial discharge (PD), surface charges, thermal management, and conductor material for power cables operating at low pressures [5].”
BackgroundInfluence of Low Pressure on Thermal Limit of MVDC Power Cables Used in All Electric Aircraft
Azizi, A., Ghassemi, M., & Lehr, J. M. (2022) · IEEE International Power Modulator Symposium and High-Voltage Workshop (IPMHVC) · doi:10.1109/ipmhvc51093.2022.10099406 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“The primary goal of this path is to make the power density of more electric aircraft (MEA) and all electric aircraft (AEA) closer to that of existing aircraft [1-4].”
BackgroundSwitched-Reluctance Motor Drive for More Electric Aircraft With Energy Storage Buffer
Liaw, C. M., Jhou, P.-H., & Yang, C.-W. (2023) · IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems · doi:10.1109/taes.2023.3288848 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“However,highervoltage willbethefuturetrend[10],[11],[12],[13],[14]tohave theadvantagesoflargercapacitywithsmallercurrentand losses.”
Ouyang, Z., Nikolaidis, T., & Jafari, S. (2024) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app14093689 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Baseer, M. A., Kumar, V. V., Izonin, I., Dronyuk, I. M., Velmurugan, A., & Swapna, B. (2023) · Energies · doi:10.3390/en16020713 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Saha, A., Chowdhury, S., Rahman, M. A., & Ghassemi, M. (2025) · IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation · doi:10.1109/tdei.2025.3557779 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“Designing power cable systems for aircraft applications presents substantial challenges, including preventing arcs and arc tracking, managing surface charges, mitigating partial discharges (PDs), and ensuring efficient thermal management [6].”
Giannakis, A., & Peftitsis, D. (2021) · IEEE Journal of Emerging and Selected Topics in Power Electronics · doi:10.1109/jestpe.2021.3135800 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Abdollahi, R., Salemnia, A., Mosallanejad, A., & Gharehpetian, G. B. (2025) · IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems · doi:10.1109/taes.2025.3582919 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“Also, the generation of renewable energy in MEA/AEA increases the benefits [1].”
Radomsky, L., & Mallwitz, R. (2023) · Energies · doi:10.3390/en16186710 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Self-citationAssessment of an auto-routing method for topology generation of aircraft power supply systems
Bielsky, T., Kuelper, N., & Thielecke, F. (2024) · CEAS Aeronautical Journal · doi:10.1007/s13272-024-00736-8 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Keleş, O. K., Hakyemez, İ., Bağrıyanık, M., & Kalenderli, Ö. (2025) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2025.3526633 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“Moreover, the simplicity of the electrical system leads to higher efficiency and enhanced safety [21].”
Design of a HTS 2 MW Electric Motor for Single-Aisle Regional Aircraft
Alvarez, P., Satrústegui, M., Scheifler, S. G., Bastarrarena, J., López, L. G., & Martinez-Iturralde, M. (2023) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2023.3343816 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“…systems of these types of aircraft engines [19] and various documents analysing the electric power systems in the more electric and all electric aircraft [20], [21], [22] that assess the state of the art of the various topologies of electric machines in a highly developed and sober manner [23].”
BackgroundOptimal Sizing of Fuel Cell and Battery in a Direct-Hybrid for Electric Aircraft
Graf, T., Fonk, R., Bauer, C., Kallo, J., & Willich, C. (2024) · Aerospace · doi:10.3390/aerospace11030176 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“Two very promising technologies are all-electric or hybrid-electric aircraft [4,5].”
BackgroundElectrical Architecture of 90-Seater Electric Aircraft: A Cable Perspective
Guo, R., Dong, J., Wolleswinkel, R. E., de Vries, R., & Niasar, M. G. (2024) · IEEE Transactions on Transportation Electrification · doi:10.1109/tte.2024.3517838 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“Over the past decades, the concept of more electric aircraft (MEA) and all-electric aircraft (AEA) has, therefore, attracted significant attention, and many attempts have been made [6], [7], [8], [9].”
Zhao, Y., Huang, W., & Bu, F. (2021) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2021.3119058 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“On the one hand, the higher voltage level in ±270 V bipolar dc distribution system can obtain lower system weight and larger power supply capacity [6]–[9].”
BackgroundTechnology selection for holistic analysis of hybrid-electric commuter aircraft
Zumegen, C., Strathoff, P., Stumpf, E., van Wensveen, J., Rischmüller, C., Hornung, M., Geiß, I., & Strohmayer, A. (2022) · CEAS Aeronautical Journal · doi:10.1007/s13272-022-00589-z · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Modeling of Transient Overvoltages in Inverter-fed Machines with Hairpin Winding
Hanisch, L. V., Eisele, L., Lunne, K., & Henke, M. (2022) · International Symposium on Power Electronics, Electrical Drives, Automation and Motion (SPEEDAM) · doi:10.1109/speedam53979.2022.9842267 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Luo, R., Duan, Y., Sun, B., Zhang, J. Q., Fan, J., & Liu, P. (2023) · China International Forum on Solid State Lighting & International Forum on Wide Bandgap Semiconductors China (SSLChina: IFWS) · doi:10.1109/sslchinaifws60785.2023.10399707 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“[1-4] However, the ionizing radiation effects from space radiation degrade the characteristics and the operating life of MOSFETs, which even lead to major failures, especially considering the total ionizing dose (TID) effect.”
BackgroundReview of Computational Models for Large-Scale MDAO of Urban Air Mobility Concepts
Sarojini, D., Ruh, M. L., Yan, J., Scotzniovsky, L., Orndorff, N. C., Xiang, R., Zhao, H., Krokowski, J., Warner, M., van Schie, S. P., et al. (2024) · AIAA SciTech Forum · doi:10.2514/6.2024-0377 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Azizi, A., & Ghassemi, M. (2024) · High Voltage · doi:10.1049/hve2.12452 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Saha, A., & Ghassemi, M. (2024) · IntechOpen eBooks · doi:10.5772/intechopen.1006159 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Hoffmann, J., Canders, W., & Henke, M. (2020) · Energies · doi:10.3390/en13226149 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Lightweight 3D-printed heaters: design and applicative versatility
Aliberti, F., Sorrentino, A., Palmieri, B., Vertuccio, L., Tommaso, G. D., Pantani, R., Guadagno, L., & Martone, A. (2024) · Composites Part C Open Access · doi:10.1016/j.jcomc.2024.100527 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Feasibility of Battery-Powered All-Electric Propulsion for Short-Haul Commuter Aircraft
Anker, M. A., Hartmann, C., & Nøland, J. K. (2025) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2025.3542157 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“Lower noise can lead to the expansion of near-city urban airports, which are currently restricted by noise pollution [7].”
Review on Silicon Carbide-Based High-Fundamental Frequency Inverters for High-Speed Drives
Upadhyay, D., Deliri, S., Mattsson, A., Peltoniemi, P., & Aarniovuori, L. (2025) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2025.3580521 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Energy management for an All-Electric Aircraft via Optimal Control
Wang, M., Mesbahi, M., Kolluri, S., Shah, K. A., & Subramanian, V. R. (2022) · IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems · doi:10.1109/taes.2022.3196634 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“In recent years, aircraft electrification [1], [2], [3], [4], [5], [6], [7], [8] has been a thriving area for research and technology development.”
BackgroundConceptual estimation of the noise reduction potential of electrified aircraft engines
Geyer, T., & Enghardt, L. (2023) · Acta Acustica · doi:10.1051/aacus/2023009 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Insulating Materials for Electrical Components Used for Power Transmission on Board the Aircraft
Kenfaui, D., Esteban, J., Baena, P., Pelvillain, C., & Henrard, P. (2023) · IEEE Transactions on Transportation Electrification · doi:10.1109/tte.2023.3335832 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“…of optimizing the performance of aircraft, decreasing its operating and maintenance costs, and reducing environmental footprint has pushed for electri-fying more aircraft functions, giving rise to the concept of a hybrid electric powered or more electric aircraft (MEA) [1], [2], [3], [4], [5].”
BackgroundOpportunities for nanomaterials in more sustainable aviation
Pendashteh, A., Mikhalchan, A., Varela, T. B., & Vilatela, J. J. (2024) · Discover Nano · doi:10.1186/s11671-024-04087-5 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Study on arc duration and erosion characteristics of cable electrodes in AC series circuits
Gao, Z., Yang, R., Yang, W., Yao, Y., & Wang, J. (2023) · Journal of Physics D Applied Physics · doi:10.1088/1361-6463/acd8c5 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“And the cable length and voltage levels will furtherly increase, which brings about more frequent arcing activity and more fire hazards [6, 7].”
Zang, Y., Niasar, M. G., Xu, Y., Li, Z., Qian, Q., Jiang, X., & Vaessen, P. (2024) · IEEE Journal of Emerging and Selected Topics in Power Electronics · doi:10.1109/jestpe.2024.3371010 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“Moreover, the PCB in power electronics equipment of MEA has compact circuit structure and operates in a low-pressure environment, which makes the PCB more prone to partial discharge (PD) failure [8], [9], [10].”
Zhao, W., Ghafoor, S., Lagerweij, G. W., Rietveld, G., Vaessen, P., & Niasar, M. G. (2024) · Electronics · doi:10.3390/electronics13081481 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Chowdhury, S., Azizi, A., Saha, A., Rahman, M. A., Ghassemi, M., & Lehr, J. M. (2024) · IEEE Dallas Circuits and Systems Conference (DCAS) · doi:10.1109/dcas61159.2024.10539902 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“This is crucial because electrical distribution and protection systems account for 30% of the total mass of EPSs [5].”
BackgroundParametric Modeling of the Aircraft Electrical Supply System for overall Conceptual Systems Design
Bielsky, T., Jünemann, M., & Thielecke, F. (2021) · tub.dok (Hamburg University of Technology) · doi:10.25967/530143 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Cao, Y., Fauth, L., Mertens, A., & Friebe, J. (2021) · International Conference on Electrical Machines and Systems (ICEMS) · doi:10.23919/icems52562.2021.9634654 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“If a certain failure rate is required by the valid regulations, the necessary voltage derating can be calculated based on the device failure data and maximum flight altitude [19].”
MethodSelf-citationDesign Approach of an Integrated SiC-Inverter for an Electric Aircraft
Fischer, D., Rohn, R., & Mallwitz, R. (2023) · IEEE International Conference on Electrical Systems for Aircraft, Railway, Ship Propulsion and Road Vehicles & International Transportation Electrification Conference (ESARS-ITEC) · doi:10.1109/esars-itec57127.2023.10114813 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“cryogenic storageand drive systems as a promising technology approach but with currently big issues due to their gravimetric and volumetric power- and energy density [4].”
BackgroundSelf-citationAn Integrated Framework for Energy Network Modeling in Hybrid-Electric Aircraft Conceptual Design
Wahler, N. F. M., Radomsky, L., Hanisch, L. V., Göing, J., Meyer, P., Mallwitz, R., Friedrichs, J., Henke, M., & Elham, A. (2022) · AIAA AVIATION Forum · doi:10.2514/6.2022-3741 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Self-citationGiesbrecht, M., Ferreira, G. T. D. C., da Silva, R. R., & Milfont, L. D. (2023) · IEEE Workshop on Power Electronics for Aerospace Applications (PEASA) · doi:10.1109/peasa58318.2023.10235384 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“This model results in significant air pollution and is based on a limited resource, the cost of which is expected to increase in the long term [1].”
BackgroundAzizi, A., Saha, A., Rahman, M. A., Ghassemi, M., & Lehr, J. M. (2024) · IEEE Texas Power and Energy Conference (TPEC) · doi:10.1109/tpec60005.2024.10472272 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“Optimizing the cable systems is a potential path to achieve this power density since the electrical distribution and protection systems contribute to 30% of the total mass of EPSs [6].”
BackgroundPropeller Design and Performance Evaluation with Partially Prescribed Velocity Distribution
Lück, S., Göing, J., Wittmann, T., Kirsch, B., Benjamin, L., & Friedrichs, J. (2022) · Proceedings · doi:10.33737/gpps21-tc-328 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“A thermal analysis for heat exchangers with a flow inside the nacelle has been conducted by Schnulo et al. (2017) but it requires an extensive internal fluid flow structure.”
BackgroundMethodTransient Nature of Flight and Its Impact on Thermal Management for All Electric Aircraft
Kasitz, J., Lad, A. A., Hoque, M. J., Miljkovic, N., & Huitink, D. R. (2022) · Journal of Electronic Packaging · doi:10.1115/1.4055464 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Carlos, G. A. D. A., Cousineau, M., Rouger, N., Serpaud, S., Santos, V. D., Cougo, B., Guédon, D., Crépel, O., & Perraud, R. (2023) · IEEE Transactions on Transportation Electrification · doi:10.1109/tte.2023.3311621 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Optimal Design of MVDC Power Cables for Different Air Pressures for Wide-Body All-Electric Aircraft
Islam, F., & Ghassemi, M. (2024) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2024.3514825 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“…and approving it for publication was Mohsin Jamil . short-haul all-electric aircraft already exist [6], but long-range commercial all-electric transport aircraft face significant challenges because of their massive weight, development of electric drivetrains, and energy storage systems [7].”
System-Wide Analysis of Electric Power System for a Reference Short-Range Electrified Aircraft
Naderi, A., Keilmann, R., Asgari, A., Mehraban, A., Mallwitz, R., Henke, M., & Terörde, M. (2025) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2025.3592792 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“Besides, taking full advantage of high-power dense, and efficient components is a contributing factor in this regard [5].”
Self-citationPartial Discharge Assessment for High-Voltage Electric Machines for Aircraft Propulsion Applications
Alvarez, P., Satrústegui, M., Elósegui, I., & Martinez-Iturralde, M. (2025) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2025.3603645 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“The concept of electrifying aircraft has recently gained attention as a possible solution to reduce emissions [1], [2], [3], [4], [5], [6], [7].”
Wolf, J.-A., Meissner, R., Pohya, A. A., & Wende, G. (2025) · Applied Energy · doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2025.127036 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Investigations on Creepage Distances in Power Electronic Systems for Electrified Aircraft
Schefer, H., Bień, M., Gülink, J., Bösche, D., Göing, J., Mallwitz, R., & Friedrichs, J. (2025) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2025.3537165 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Self-citationImplications of Parallel Faults in Superconducting Power Distribution Systems of Electric Aircraft
Mensah, P., Cheetham, P., & Pamidi, S. V. (2023) · AIAA AVIATION Forum · doi:10.2514/6.2023-4228 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Switching Logic for a Direct Hybrid Electric Powertrain
Fonk, R., Graf, T., Paeßler, S., Bauer, C., Kallo, J., & Willich, C. (2024) · Aerospace · doi:10.3390/aerospace11010071 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“The combination of a hydrogen fuel cell and a battery in a hybrid electric propulsion system is seen as a promising concept for short-to medium-range flights [13–16].”
BackgroundDevelopment and testing of a discrete coil magnetostrictive actuator
Wang, Y., Zhu, Y., Chen, L., Ling, J., & Zhang, M. (2024) · Smart Materials and Structures · doi:10.1088/1361-665x/ad6382 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Rahman, M. A., Saha, A., Ghassemi, M., & Lehr, J. M. (2024) · IEEE Kansas Power and Energy Conference (KPEC) · doi:10.1109/kpec61529.2024.10676167 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“Since the electrical power distribution and protection equipment sum up a sizable portion — approximately 30% of the overall EPS mass — improving cable designs is one way to enhance power density [5].”
BackgroundSavi, F., Harikumaran, J., Barater, D., Buticchi, G., Gerada, C., & Wheeler, P. W. (2021) · IEEE Open Journal of the Industrial Electronics Society · doi:10.1109/ojies.2021.3112124 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Zeng, F., Mehraban, A., Naderi, A., Terörde, M., & Kurrat, M. (2025) · IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems · doi:10.1109/taes.2025.3618208 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Self-citationHazard of thermal runaway ejection in lithium-ion batteries and passive protection strategies
Yang, J., Liang, Y., Yang, Y., Wang, H., Yang, X., Xie, J., & Zhang, Q. (2026) · Process Safety and Environmental Protection · doi:10.1016/j.psep.2026.108552 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Three-Phase Hybrid Rectifier for HVDC Distribution System in More Electric Aircrafts
Barbosa, V. F., Eleodoro, O. F. A., Rodrigues, D. B., Lima, G. B. D., & de Freitas, L. C. (2023) · IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics · doi:10.1109/tpel.2023.3295613 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“In order to reduce the weight of the conductors and, consequently, the fuel consumption in the aircraft, HVdc output busbars are used [2].”
BackgroundMethodYun, S., & Han, J. (2025) · Thermal Science and Engineering Progress · doi:10.1016/j.tsep.2025.103893 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Eleodoro, O. F. A., Barbosa, V. F., Lima, G. B. D., & de Freitas, L. C. (2022) · International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems/International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering · doi:10.11591/ijpeds.v13.i4.pp1951-1965 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“Semiconductors typical application–adapted from [27]”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialApplication and Performance Trends of Electric Motors for Aircraft Propulsion
Molina, M. J., Graffeo, F., Vaschetto, S., & Tenconi, A. (2024) · IEEE Transportation Electrification Conference and Expo · doi:10.1109/itec60657.2024.10598961 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“Among the different battery alternatives, Lithium-ion (Li-ion) are the most practicable option available todays for aircraft electrification.”
Background
- Authors
- Schefer, H., Fauth, L., Kopp, T. H., Mallwitz, R., Friebe, J., & Kurrat, M.
- Affiliations
- Technische Universität Braunschweig (DE)
- Leibniz University Hannover (DE)
- Venue
- IEEE Access
- Published
- 2020
- Volume
- 8
- Pages
- 84188-84216
- ISSN
- 2169-3536 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W3021371202
- Cited by
- 217
- References
- 120
- Citations by year
- 2026: 22 · 2025: 39 · 2024: 59 · 2023: 37 · 2022: 35 · 2021: 20 · 2020: 5
- FWCI
- 9.02
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- IEEE Access (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Digitale Bibliothek Braunschweig (Verbundzentrale Göttingen (VZG)) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (German Research Foundation, DFG) through the Germany’s Excellence Strategy-EXC 2163/1-Sustainable and Energy Efficient Aviation (390881007)
- Open Access Publication Funds of the Technische Universität Braunschweig
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Aerospace Engineering › Advanced Aircraft Design and Technologies
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Automotive Engineering › Electric and Hybrid Vehicle Technologies
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Multilevel Inverters and Converters
- Keywords
- all-electric aircraft, power supply systems, aircraft electrification, electrical distribution systems, electrical load, voltage levels, semiconductor technology, power electronics topology, reliability, circuit breakers, wiring harness, short-range aircraft
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