A Systematic Review of Human–Computer Interaction and Explainable Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare With Artificial Intelligence Techniques
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Artificial intelligence (AI) is one of the emerging technologies. In recent decades, artificial intelligence (AI) has gained widespread acceptance in a variety of fields, including virtual support, healthcare, and security. Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) is a field that has been combining AI and human-computer engagement over the past several years in order to create an interactive intelligent system for user interaction. AI, in conjunction with HCI, is being used in a variety of fields by employing various algorithms and employing HCI to provide transparency to the user, allowing them to trust the machine. The comprehensive examination of both the areas of AI and HCI, as well as their subfields, has been explored in this work. The main goal of this article was to discover a point of intersection between the two fields. The understanding of Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI), which is a linking point of HCI and XAI, was gained through a literature review conducted in this research. The literature survey encompassed themes identified in the literature (such as XAI and its areas, major XAI aims, and XAI problems and challenges). The study’s other major focus was on the use of AI, HCI, and XAI in healthcare. The poll also addressed the shortcomings in XAI in healthcare, as well as the field’s future potential. As a result, the literature indicates that XAI in healthcare is still a novel subject that has to be explored more in the future.
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Wiser, F., Durst, C., & Wickramasinghe, N. S. (2018) · Healthcare delivery in the information age · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-72287-0_15 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Play and Learn Case Study on Learning Abilities Through Effective Computing in Games
Kamal, M. A., Alam, M. M., Khawar, H., et al. (2019) · International Conference on Mathematics, Actuarial Science, Computer Science and Statistics (MACS) · doi:10.1109/macs48846.2019.9024771 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Self-citationXu, W., & Hoang, V. T. (2021) · Mobile Networks and Applications · doi:10.1007/s11036-020-01699-w · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Application of the Usability Metrics of the ISO 9126 Standard in the E-Commerce Domain: A Case Study
Paz, F., Diaz, E., Paz, F. A., et al. (2019) · Advances in intelligent systems and computing · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-11051-2_54 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Convolutional neural network simplification with progressive retraining
Osaku, D., Gomes, J. F., & Falcão, A. X. (2021) · Pattern Recognition Letters · doi:10.1016/j.patrec.2021.06.032 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
A psychological model of human-computer cooperation for the era of artificial intelligence
Liu, Y., Wang, Y., Bian, Y., Ren, L., & Xuan, Y. (2018) · Scientia Sinica Informationis · doi:10.1360/n112017-00225 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Anticipating the Future of HCI by Understanding Its Past and Present
Grudin, J. T. (2019) · Extended Abstracts of the CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI EA) · doi:10.1145/3290607.3298806 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Semantic XAI for contextualized demand forecasting explanationsPreprint
Rožanec, J. M., & Mladenić, D. (2021) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2104.00452 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Evidence-based explanation to promote fairness in AI systemsPreprint
Ferreira, J. J., & Monteiro, M. D. S. (2020) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2003.01525 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Topak, F., & Pekeriçli, M. K. (2020) · OpenMETU (Middle East Technical University) · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Yeung, C. J., Tsai, J.-M., Kawagoe, Y., et al. (2020) · arXiv (Cornell University) · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Loh, H. W., Ooi, C. P., Seoni, S., Barua, P. D., Molinari, F., & Acharya, U. R. (2022) · Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine · doi:10.1016/j.cmpb.2022.107161 · Cited by 734 · see citing works
Survey of Explainable AI Techniques in Healthcare
Chaddad, A., Peng, J., Xu, J., & Bouridane, A. (2023) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s23020634 · Cited by 591 · see citing works
Explainable Artificial Intelligence Applications in Cyber Security: State-of-the-Art in Research
Zhang, Z., Hamadi, H. A., Damiani, E., Yeun, C. Y., & Taher, F. (2022) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2022.3204051 · Cited by 450 · see citing works
A., S., & R., S. (2023) · Decision Analytics Journal · doi:10.1016/j.dajour.2023.100230 · Cited by 432 · see citing works
A Review of Trustworthy and Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)
Chamola, V., Hassija, V., Sulthana, A. R., Ghosh, D., Dhingra, D., & Sikdar, B. (2023) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2023.3294569 · Cited by 352 · see citing works
“To oversee researchers, we may establish a regulatory system, as proposed by Nazar et al. [74].”
MethodRosenbacke, R., Melhus, Å., McKee, M., & Stuckler, D. (2024) · JMIR AI · doi:10.2196/53207 · Cited by 305 · see citing works
Sheu, R.-K., & Pardeshi, M. S. (2022) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s22208068 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
McIntosh, T. R., Susnjak, T., Liu, T., Watters, P., Xu, D., Liu, D., & Halgamuge, M. N. (2025) · Technologies · doi:10.3390/technologies13020051 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
“This trend focuses on developing AI systems that can work alongside humans, thereby improving user experience and efficiency across various applications, including productivity and healthcare [275], [276], [277].”
BackgroundKalakoti, R., Bahsi, H., & Nõmm, S. (2024) · IEEE Internet of Things Journal · doi:10.1109/jiot.2024.3360626 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Fung, T. C. J., Chan, S. L., Lam, C. F. M., Lam, C. Y., Cheng, C. C. W., Lai, M. H., Ho, C. C. J., Au, S. L., Mak, L. Y., Hu, S., et al. (2025) · BMC Nursing · doi:10.1186/s12912-025-03492-0 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
“These findings advocate for urgent curricular reform to prepare nurses for AI practice, highlighting the need for a balanced approach that leverages AI’s potential while mitigating its risks [16, 17].”
Lamaakal, I., Ouahbi, I., El Makkaoui, K., Maleh, Y., Pławiak, P., & Alblehai, F. (2024) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2024.3406631 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Explainable AI decision support improves accuracy during telehealth strep throat screening
Gomez, C., Smith, B.-L., Zayas, A., Unberath, M., & Canares, T. (2024) · Communications Medicine · doi:10.1038/s43856-024-00568-x · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Survey on medical image encryption: From classical to deep learning-based approaches
Prasad, S., & Singh, A. K. (2025) · Computers and Electrical Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.compeleceng.2024.110011 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Efficient Gesture-Based Recognition of Tifinagh Characters in Air Handwriting with a TinyDL Model
Lamaakal, I., El Mourabit, N., El Makkaoui, K., Ouahbi, I., & Maleh, Y. (2024) · 2024 Sixth International Conference on Intelligent Computing in Data Sciences (ICDS) · doi:10.1109/icds62089.2024.10756483 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Van Dort, B. A., Engelsma, T., Sneekes, P., Peute, L., & Medlock, S. (2026) · PLOS Digital Health · doi:10.1371/journal.pdig.0001417 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“Previous reviews have explored XAI in healthcare, with a focus on explainability techniques [11,12], human computer interaction [13], and trust and intention to use systems [14].”
- Authors
- Nazar, M., Alam, M. M., Yafi, E., & Su'ud, M. M.
- Affiliations
- University of Kuala Lumpur (MY)
- Multimedia University (MY)
- Venue
- IEEE Access
- Published
- 2021
- Volume
- 9
- Pages
- 153316-153348
- ISSN
- 2169-3536 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W3214024265
- Semantic Scholar
- 2a0f189edcf522d8568f8fbe32373a17cb77cb57
- Cited by
- 312
- References
- 117
- Citations by year
- 2026: 64 · 2025: 83 · 2024: 99 · 2023: 49 · 2022: 17
- FWCI
- 2.98
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- IEEE Access (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Siti Hasmah Digital Library-MMU Institutiona Repository (Multimedia University) (acceptedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Greater South Information System
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Health Informatics › Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › Health Information Management › Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare
- Keywords
- explainable AI, human-computer interaction, health care, trust in AI, transparency, intelligent systems
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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