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Innovative Trends in the 6G Era: A Comprehensive Survey of Architecture, Applications, Technologies, and Challenges
Open accessAbstract
While the fifth-generation mobile network is being commercialized worldwide, researchers have recently started looking towards the next generation, called the 6G network. Unlike 5G and previous generations of wireless technologies designed to improve network performance for greater bandwidth, lower latency and greater reliability, 6G ecosystems is considered a platform conducive to innovations in the fields of computing, artificial intelligence, connectivity and sensors, virtualization and more. It is designed to meet the requirements of higher global coverage, greater spectral efficiency, a reduced carbon footprint, with an emphasis on sustainability, equity, trust and security through unprecedented architectural evolutions and technology. 6G will be an integrated network system that includes a traditional terrestrial mobile network, space network, and underwater network to provide ubiquitous network access. Even if there are studies on vision of 6G network that have already been published, there is still a significant amount of ground to cover. There is no decision made yet regarding anything and nothing has been ruled out. The focus of this study is to identify a complete picture of changes in architectures, technologies, and challenges that will shape the 6G network. We hope the research results will provide indications for further studies on 6G ecosystems.
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“Thus, the next-generation communication networks, such as 6G, play a crucial role in enabling the above vision [83].”
From New Era of Artificial Intelligence in Education: Towards a Sustainable Multifaceted Revolution (2023) · cites this paper as [83]
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Protocols for Packet Quantum Network Intercommunication
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A 3D Cluster-Based Channel Model for 5G and Beyond Vehicle-to-Vehicle Massive MIMO Channels
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High Data Rate Discrete Wavelet Transform-Based PLC-VLC Design for 5G Communication Systems
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Self-citationBuilding a large-scale and wide-area quantum Internet based on an OSI-alike model
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Compact Size MIMO Amer Fractal Slot Antenna for 3G, LTE (4G), WLAN, WiMAX, ISM and 5G Communications
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Modeling and Evaluation of Software Defined Networking Based 5G Core Network Architecture
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Adaptive and Dynamic Security in AI-Empowered 6G: From an Energy Efficiency Perspective
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1250 Mbit/s OOK Wireless White-Light VLC Transmission Based on Phosphor Laser Diode
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A High-Efficient Wireless Power Receiver for Hybrid Energy-Harvesting Sources
Khan, D., Oh, S.-J., Yeo, S., Ryu, Y., In, S.-H., Rad, R. E., Ali, İ., Pu, Y., Yoo, S., Lee, M., et al. (2021) · IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics · doi:10.1109/tpel.2021.3071374 · Cited by 41
Cooperative Small Cell HetNets With Dynamic Sleeping and Energy Harvesting
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Blockchain-Based Verifiable Multi-Keyword Ranked Search on Encrypted Cloud With Fair Payment
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Joint Communication and Control for mmWave/THz Beam Alignment in V2X Networks
Chang, B., Yan, X., Zhang, L., Chen, Z., Li, L., & Imran, M. A. (2021) · IEEE Internet of Things Journal · doi:10.1109/jiot.2021.3126651 · Cited by 36
Multiflow QUIC: A Generic Multipath Transport Protocol
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Scavenger Hunt: Utilization of Blockchain and IoT for a Location-Based Game
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Block6Tel: Blockchain-based Spectrum Allocation Scheme in 6G-envisioned Communications
Patel, F., Bhattacharya, P., Tanwar, S., Gupta, R., Kumar, N., & Guizani, M. (2021) · International Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing Conference (IWCMC) · doi:10.1109/iwcmc51323.2021.9498854 · Cited by 32
Towards Large Intelligent Surface (LIS)-Based Communications
Yuan, J., Ngo, H. Q., & Matthaiou, M. (2020) · IEEE Transactions on Communications · doi:10.1109/tcomm.2020.3009115 · Cited by 31
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Won, S., & Choi, S. W. (2020) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2020.3003012 · Cited by 30
Duong, T. Q., Huynh, D. V., Li, Y., Garcia‐Palacios, E., & Sun, K. (2022) · International Conference on 6G Networking (6GNet) · doi:10.1109/6gnet54646.2022.9830363 · Cited by 30
Design of a New Stress Wave Communication Method for Underwater Communication
He, S., Wang, N., Ho, M., Zhu, J., & Song, G. (2020) · IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics · doi:10.1109/tie.2020.3003634 · Cited by 29
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WAVE: Edge-Device Cooperated Real-Time Object Detection for Open-Air Applications
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Blockchain-Based Fair Payment Protocol for Deduplication Cloud Storage System
Wang, S., Wang, Y., & Zhang, Y. (2019) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2019.2939492 · Cited by 26
Advanced Routing Algorithms for Low Orbit Satellite Constellations
Markovitz, O., & Segal, M. (2021) · International Conference on Communications · doi:10.1109/icc42927.2021.9500740 · Cited by 26
Bitcoin: Evolution of Blockchain Technology
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Selective Dynamic Coded Cooperative Communications for Multi-Hop Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks
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AI-driven, Context-Aware Profiling for 5G and Beyond Networks
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Evolution Toward the Next Generation Radio Access Network
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Human-Centric Networking: From Device-Centric 5G Networks to Full Cyber-Physical Convergence in 6G
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Opportunities and Challenges of Future LiFi
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Monteiro, M. S., Filho, F. L. D. C., Souza, P. D. O. M. E., Costa, V. S., da Luz, G. P. C. P., Carvalho, L. F. D. O., & de Sousa, R. T. (2021) · Workshop on Communication Networks and Power Systems (WCNPS) · doi:10.1109/wcnps53648.2021.9626317 · Cited by 5
Actional-Perceptual Causality: Concepts and Inductive Learning for AI and Robotics
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An Adaptable Contention-free MAC Protocol for Full-duplex Split-plane Optical Wireless Network
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Flagged first, then by citations
1 of the 154 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- 10.1109/COMST.2019.2902862 · DOI · Paper page
Cited by
Sorted by citations
New Era of Artificial Intelligence in Education: Towards a Sustainable Multifaceted Revolution
Kamalov, F., Santandreu Calonge, D., & Gurrib, I. (2023) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su151612451 · Cited by 1,089
“Thus, the next-generation communication networks, such as 6G, play a crucial role in enabling the above vision [59].”
Background6G Networks and the AI Revolution—Exploring Technologies, Applications, and Emerging Challenges
Chataut, R., Nankya, M., & Akl, R. (2024) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s24061888 · Cited by 262
A Review of 6G and AI Convergence: Enhancing Communication Networks With Artificial Intelligence
Sanjalawe, Y. K., Fraihat, S., Al-E’mari, S., Abualhaj, M. M., Makhadmeh, S. N., & Alzubi, E. A. (2025) · IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society · doi:10.1109/ojcoms.2025.3553302 · Cited by 138
From Efficiency to Sustainability: Exploring the Potential of 6G for a Greener Future
Kumar, R., Gupta, S. K., Wang, H.-C., Kumari, C. S., & Korlam, S. S. V. P. (2023) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su152316387 · Cited by 112
Akbar, M. S., Hussain, Z., Ikram, M., Sheng, Q. Z., & Mukhopadhyay, S. C. (2024) · Journal of Network and Computer Applications · doi:10.1016/j.jnca.2024.104040 · Cited by 174
Metadata
- Authors
- Quy, V. K., Chehri, A., Quy, N. M., Han, N. D., & Ban, N. T.
- Affiliations
- Hung Yen University of Technology and Education, Hung Yen, Vietnam
- Royal Military College of Canada (CA)
- Trường Đại học Khoa học và Công nghệ Hà Nội (VN)
- Posts and Telecommunications Institute of Technology (VN)
- Venue
- IEEE Access
- Published
- 2023
- Volume
- 11
- Pages
- 39824-39844
- ISSN
- 2169-3536 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4366721991
- Cited by
- 164
- References
- 154
- Citations by year
- 2026: 18 · 2025: 55 · 2024: 59 · 2023: 31
- FWCI
- 12.12
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- IEEE Access (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (RGPIN-2022-3256)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Advanced Wireless Communication Technologies
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Networks and Communications › Software-Defined Networks and 5G
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Aerospace Engineering › Satellite Communication Systems
- Keywords
- 6G, network architecture, 6G applications, space networks, underwater networks, ubiquitous connectivity, sustainability, network security, artificial intelligence in networks, virtualization
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