The DOI matches its Crossref record; 21 of the 21 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Estimating loaded, inclined walking energetics: No functional difference between added and body mass
Abstract
We used external loading and surface inclination as experimental tools to: 1) test whether the metabolic cost of transporting body mass and torso mass are equal during walking, and 2) to develop an algorithm for estimating walking metabolism in the field. Rates of oxygen uptake were measured in ten physically active volunteers during constant-velocity treadmill trials (0.6-1.4 m·s-1) on four grades (0-9°) under three loading conditions (1.0-1.31 times body mass). Walking metabolic rates (Egross-Erest) increased systematically with speed, load, and grade to span values from 2.2 to 14.2 times measured resting metabolic rates. When walking metabolism was expressed in relation to the total mass carried, loaded and unloaded metabolic rates were nearly identical across all conditions. The equivalent costs of transporting one kg of body and external mass allowed formulation of a promising estimation algorithm requiring only total mass, speed, and grade as inputs (R2=0.98; SEE=0.37 W·kg-1; n=360 trials).
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
It is unresolved whether the per kilogram metabolic costs of body mass vs. external mass affixed to the torso are equal.
“Similarly unresolved is whether the per kilogram metabolic costs of body mass vs. external mass affixed to the torso are equal (6,26,30,37,45,51,58,67).”
From Walking economy is predictably determined by speed, grade, and gravitational load. (2017) · cites this paper as [45]
Citations
Cites
Energetics of running: a new perspective
Kram, R., & Taylor, C. R. (1990) · Nature · doi:10.1038/346265a0 · Cited by 821
Predicting energy expenditure with loads while standing or walking very slowly
Pandolf, K. B., Givoni, B., & Goldman, R. F. (1977) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/jappl.1977.43.4.577 · Cited by 474
Dimensions of Animals and their Muscular Dynamics
(1949) · Nature · doi:10.1038/164820b0 · Cited by 458
Energetic cost of carrying loads: have African women discovered an economic way?
Maloiy, G. M. O., Heglund, N. C., Prager, L. M., Cavagna, G., & Taylor, C. R. (1986) · Nature · doi:10.1038/319668a0 · Cited by 372
(1985) · Cited by 280
Independent metabolic costs of supporting body weight and accelerating body mass during walking
Grabowski, A., Farley, C. T., & Kram, R. (2005) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00734.2004 · Cited by 251
Griffin, T. M., Roberts, T. J., & Kram, R. (2003) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00944.2002 · Cited by 251
Effect of load and speed on the energetic cost of human walking
Bastien, G. J., Willems, P. A., Schepens, B., & Heglund, N. C. (2005) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-004-1286-z · Cited by 226
Portable Global Positioning Units to Complement Accelerometry-Based Physical Activity Monitors
Rodrı́guez, D. A., BROWN, A. L., & Troped, P. J. (2005) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/01.mss.0000185297.72328.ce · Cited by 225
Walking speed estimation using a shank-mounted inertial measurement unit
Li, Q., Young, M., Naing, V., & Donelan, J. M. (2010) · Journal of Biomechanics · doi:10.1016/j.jbiomech.2010.01.031 · Cited by 166
Relating mechanics and energetics during exercise.
Cr, T. (1994) · PubMed · Cited by 152
The oxygen consumption with unloaded walking and load carriage using two different backpack designs
Lloyd, R., & Cooke, C. B. (2000) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s004210050072 · Cited by 96
Mechanics and energetics of load carriage during human walking
Huang, T.-W. P., & Kuo, A. D. (2013) · Journal of Experimental Biology · doi:10.1242/jeb.091587 · Cited by 93
Weyand, P. G., Kelly, M., Blackadar, T., Darley, J. C., Oliver, S. R., Ohlenbusch, N. E., Joffe, S. W., & Hoyt, R. W. (2001) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/jappl.2001.91.1.451 · Cited by 61
Self-citationEnergy expenditure during level human walking: seeking a simple and accurate predictive solution
Ludlow, L. W., & Weyand, P. G. (2016) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00864.2015 · Cited by 46
Self-citationEnergy Cost and Mechanical Work of Walking during Load Carriage in Soldiers
GRENIER, J. G., PEYROT, N., CASTELLS, J., OULLION, R., MESSONNIER, L., & MORIN, J.-B. (2012) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0b013e3182456057 · Cited by 45
Predicting metabolic rate across walking speed: one fit for all body sizes?
Weyand, P. G., Smith, B. R., Schultz, N. S., Ludlow, L. W., Puyau, M. R., & Butte, N. F. (2013) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.01333.2012 · Cited by 40
Self-citationIMU-based ambulatory walking speed estimation in constrained treadmill and overground walking
Yang, S., & Li, Q. (2011) · Computer Methods in Biomechanics & Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1080/10255842.2010.534465 · Cited by 20
Fuel oxidation in relation to walking speed: influence of gradient and external load
Entin, P. L., Gest, C., Trancik, S., & Coast, J. R. (2010) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-010-1523-6 · Cited by 13
Assessing the metabolic cost of walking: The influence of baseline subtractions
Weyand, P. G., Smith, B. R., & Sandell, R. F. (2009) · 2009 Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society · doi:10.1109/iembs.2009.5333126 · Cited by 11
Self-citationWalking energy expenditure: A loaded approach to algorithm development
Ludlow, L. W., & Weyand, P. G. (2015) · Wearable and Implantable Body Sensor Networks · doi:10.1109/bsn.2015.7299351 · Cited by 1
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Walking economy is predictably determined by speed, grade, and gravitational load.
Ludlow, L. W., & Weyand, P. G. (2017) · Journal of applied physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00504.2017 · Cited by 47
Self-citationReal-world walking economy: can laboratory equations predict field energy expenditure?
Weyand, P. G., Ludlow, L. W., Nollkamper, J. J., & Buller, M. J. (2021) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00121.2021 · Cited by 6
Self-citationThe role of effort in adaptation to split-belt locomotionPreprint
Marbaker, R. M., Idoine, Y., & Ahmed, A. A. (2025) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2025.05.07.652669 · Cited by 2
Metadata
- Authors
- Ludlow, L. W., & Weyand, P. G.
- Affiliations
- Southern Methodist University (US)
- Venue
- 2016 IEEE 13th International Conference on Wearable and Implantable Body Sensor Networks (BSN)
- Publisher
- IEEE
- Published
- 2016-06
- Pages
- 306-311
- ISSN
- 2376-8886 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2503487123
- Cited by
- 2
- References
- 21
- Citations by year
- 2025: 1 · 2017: 1
- FWCI
- 2.90
- Type
- conference paper
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Wearable and Implantable Body Sensor Networks (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Lower Extremity Biomechanics and Pathologies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Occupational Health and Performance
- Keywords
- energy cost of walking, external load, inclined walking, oxygen consumption, body mass, treadmill walking, walking speed
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review