The DOI matches its Crossref record; 168 of the 173 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
A Survey on Security and Privacy Issues of Bitcoin
Open accessAbstract
Bitcoin is a popular cryptocurrency that records all transactions in a distributed append-only public ledger called blockchain. The security of Bitcoin heavily relies on the incentive-compatible proof-of-work (PoW) based distributed consensus protocol, which is run by the network nodes called miners. In exchange for the incentive, the miners are expected to maintain the blockchain honestly. Since its launch in 2009, Bitcoin economy has grown at an enormous rate, and it is now worth about 150 billions of dollars. This exponential growth in the market value of bitcoins motivate adversaries to exploit weaknesses for profit, and researchers to discover new vulnerabilities in the system, propose countermeasures, and predict upcoming trends. In this paper, we present a systematic survey that covers the security and privacy aspects of Bitcoin. We start by giving an overview of the Bitcoin system and its major components along with their functionality and interactions within the system. We review the existing vulnerabilities in Bitcoin and its major underlying technologies such as blockchain and PoW-based consensus protocol. These vulnerabilities lead to the execution of various security threats to the standard functionality of Bitcoin. We then investigate the feasibility and robustness of the state-of-the-art security solutions. Additionally, we discuss the current anonymity considerations in Bitcoin and the privacy-related threats to Bitcoin users along with the analysis of the existing privacy-preserving solutions. Finally, we summarize the critical open challenges, and we suggest directions for future research towards provisioning stringent security and privacy solutions for Bitcoin.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Besides, there are some other review papers on security and privacy in distributed ledgers such as [29], but they are mainly focused on bitcoin [30] or cryptocurrencies.”
From Privacy-Preserving Solutions for Blockchain: Review and Challenges (2019) · cites this paper as [29]
In the citing paper
“If a mining pool owns more than 50% of the network's computing power, then it is likely that those miners would be able to prevent the validation of proposed transactions, and consequently stop the transactions between users [73].”
From A Review of Blockchain Architecture and Consensus Protocols: Use Cases, Challenges, and Solutions (2019) · cites this paper as [73]
In the citing paper
“Due to this reason, such a kind of IIoT nodes commonly route their data through gateways by using non-P2P protocols like MQTT [30] or by making use of a fog [31] or edge computing infrastructure [32].”
From A Review on the Application of Blockchain to the Next Generation of Cybersecure Industry 4.0 Smart Factories (2019) · cites this paper as [32]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash SystemPreprint
Nakamoto, S. (2019) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3440802 · Cited by 14,677
Shamir, A. (1979) · Communications of the ACM · doi:10.1145/359168.359176 · Cited by 13,756
The Byzantine generals problem
Lamport, L., Shostak, R., & Pease, M. (1982) · ACM Transactions on Programming Languages and Systems · doi:10.1145/357172.357176 · Cited by 6,023
(2013) · Cited by 5,372
Douceur, J. R. (2002) · Lecture Notes in Computer Science · doi:10.1007/3-540-45748-8_24 · Cited by 4,419
Use of Elliptic Curves in Cryptography
Miller, V. S. (2007) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/3-540-39799-x_31 · Cited by 3,985
Blind Signatures for Untraceable Payments
Chaum, D. (1983) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4757-0602-4_18 · Cited by 3,329
Decentralizing Privacy: Using Blockchain to Protect Personal Data
Zyskind, G., Nathan, O., & Pentland, A. '. (2015) · 2015 IEEE Security and Privacy Workshops · doi:10.1109/spw.2015.27 · Cited by 2,617
Practical byzantine fault tolerance and proactive recovery
Castro, M., & Liskov, B. (2002) · ACM Transactions on Computer Systems · doi:10.1145/571637.571640 · Cited by 2,475
Hawk: The Blockchain Model of Cryptography and Privacy-Preserving Smart Contracts
Kosba, A., Miller, A., Shi, E., Wen, Z., & Papamanthou, C. (2016) · 2016 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy (SP) · doi:10.1109/sp.2016.55 · Cited by 2,227
Flagged first, then by citations
5 of the 173 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 39
- van saberhagen, 2013, Crypto
- poelstra, 2016, Mimblewimble
- jedusor, 2016, Mimblewimble
- willett, 0, The Second Bitcoin
- poon, 2016, The bitcoin lightning network Scalable off-chain instant payments
- wuille, 2015, Segregated witness and its impact on scalability, Proc SF Bitcoin Devs Seminar
- 2017, Paypal Total Payment Volume 2014–2017
- 2015, How a Visa transaction works
- peck, 2015, Adam back says the bitcoin fork is a coup
- 0, Bitcoin venture capital
- carlsten, 2016, On the sinstability of Bitcoin without the block reward, Proc ACM SIGSAC Conf Comput Commun Security (CCS), 154
- andresen, 2012, Pay to Script Hash BIP 16
- wallet, 2014, Bitcoin Wiki
- miller, 2013, Feather-Forks Enforcing a Blacklist With Sub-50% Hash Power
- heilman, 2016, Blindly signed contracts: Anonymous on-blockchain and off-blockchain Bitcoin transactions, Proc Int Workshops Financial Cryptogr Data Secur FC BITCOIN VOTING WAHC, 43
- herrera-joancomartí, 2016, Privacy in Bitcoin transactions: New challenges from blockchain scalability solutions, Proc 13th Int Conf Model Decis Artif Intell (MDAI), 19
- hilliard, 2017, Reduced Threshold Segwit MASF
- kiran, 2014, Bitcoin Risk Analysis
- 0, Malleability Attack a Nuisance But Bitcoin Not Broken Pundits Say
- finney, 2011, Best Practice for Fast Transaction Acceptance How High Is the Risk?
- 2017, The Bitcoin Malleability Attack How Can It Undermine the Blockchain Credibility?
- heusser, 2013, SAT Solving—An Alternative to Brute Force Bitcoin Mining
- 2011, Fake Bitcoins?
- 2014, Solution to Sybil Attacks and 51 Attacks in Decentralized Networks
- goldfeder, 2016, Securing bitcoin wallets via a new DSA-ECDSA threshold signature scheme
- draupnir, 2016, Bitcoin Cold Storage Guide
- 2015, How to Identify Transaction Malleability Attacks
- domingo, 2017, The Bitcoin vs Visa Electricity Consumption Fallacy
- 2011, Timejacking & Bitcoin
- szabo, 1988, Secure property titles with owner authority
- goldfeder, 2014, Securing Bitcoin wallets via threshold signatures
- wuille, 2014, Bip 62 Dealing With Malleability
- 0, Donation Request via Cyrptocurriencies
- 0, Status About Bitcoin Technoogy Was Obtained From-What 2016 Holds for Bitcoin Business
- maxwell, 2013, Coinjoin Bitcoin Privacy for the Real World
- daian, 2017, Piecework: Generalized outsourcing control for proofs of work, Proc FC Int Workshops WAHC BITCOIN VOTING WTSC TA, 182
- eyal, 2014, How to Disincentivize Large Bitcoin Mining Pools
- gallagher, 2013, Federal Information Processing Standards (FIPS) Publication 186-4 Digital Signature Standard (DSS)
- lerner, 2014, DECOR
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 501–600 of 1,000
(2022) · International Journal of Advanced Technology and Engineering Exploration · doi:10.19101/ijatee.2021.876322 · Cited by 10
Is Decentralization Sustainable in the Bitcoin System?
Jacob, V. S., Mishra, S. P., & Radhakrishnan, S. (2019) · Decision Support Systems · doi:10.1016/j.dss.2024.114178 · Cited by 10
A Privacy-Preserving, Decentralized and Functional Bitcoin E-Voting Protocol
Bao, Z., Wang, B., & Shi, W. (2018) · IEEE SmartWorld, Ubiquitous Intelligence & Computing, Advanced & Trusted Computing, Scalable Computing & Communications, Cloud & Big Data Computing, Internet of People and Smart City Innovation (SmartWorld/SCALCOM/UIC/ATC/CBDCom/IOP/SCI) · doi:10.1109/smartworld.2018.00078 · Cited by 10
Will Regulation Change Cryptocurrency Protocols?Preprint
Østbye, P. (2018) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3159479 · Cited by 10
SoK: Blockchain Technology and Its Potential Use CasesPreprint
Ruoti, S., Kaiser, B., Yerukhimovich, A., Clark, J., & Cunningham, R. K. (2019) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1909.12454 · Cited by 10
Entrepreneurial firms in the crypto era: adoption trajectories and innovation dynamics
Nazir, M. A., Roomi, M. A., & Khan, M. R. (2025) · Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development · doi:10.1108/jsbed-11-2024-0580 · Cited by 21
Iovane, G. (2025) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app15169218 · Cited by 9
Blockchain based En-Route Filtering of False Data in Wireless Sensor Networks
Kumar, A., & Pais, A. R. (2019) · International Conference on Communication Systems & Networks (COMSNETS) · doi:10.1109/comsnets.2019.8711352 · Cited by 9
The Tales of Alphanumerical Symbols in Media: The Case of Bitcoin
Hedman, J., Beaulieu, T. Y., & Karlström, M. (2021) · Journal of theoretical and applied electronic commerce research · doi:10.3390/jtaer16070152 · Cited by 12
Analysis of reputation-based mining paradigm under dishonest mining attacks
Pourtahmasbi, P., & Nojoumian, M. (2022) · Blockchain Research and Applications · doi:10.1016/j.bcra.2022.100065 · Cited by 9
The Security Investigation of Ban Score and Misbehavior Tracking in Bitcoin Network
Fan, W., Wuthier, S., Hong, H.-J., Zhou, X., Bai, Y. Z., & Chang, S. (2022) · IEEE International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems (ICDCS) · doi:10.1109/icdcs54860.2022.00027 · Cited by 9
Vulnerabilities and Security Breaches in Cryptocurrencies
Sigurdsson, G., Giaretta, A., & Dragoni, N. (2019) · Advances in intelligent systems and computing · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-14687-0_26 · Cited by 9
Mir, U. (2020) · KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems · doi:10.3837/tiis.2020.08.005 · Cited by 9
Econophysics of cryptocurrency crashes: an overview
Бєлінський, А. О., Serdyuk, O. A., Semerikov, S. O., & Soloviev, V. (2021) · SHS Web of Conferences · doi:10.1051/shsconf/202110703001 · Cited by 9
A novel reputation-based consensus framework (RCF) in distributed ledger technology
Mohsenzadeh, A., Bidgoly, A. J., & Farjami, Y. (2022) · Computer Communications · doi:10.1016/j.comcom.2022.04.015 · Cited by 9
Olaniyi, O. M., Alfa, A. A., & Umar, B. U. (2022) · Frontiers in Blockchain · doi:10.3389/fbloc.2022.927006 · Cited by 9
Sallal, M., de Fréin, R., Malik, A., & Aziz, B. (2022) · Array · doi:10.1016/j.array.2022.100221 · Cited by 9
A two level ensemble classification approach to forecast bitcoin prices
Kundra, H., Sharma, S. K., Nancy, P., & Kalyani, D. (2022) · Kybernetes · doi:10.1108/k-11-2021-1213 · Cited by 9
On the Applicability of Security and Privacy Threat Modeling for Blockchain Applications
Landuyt, D. V., Sion, L., Vandeloo, E., & Joosen, W. (2020) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-42048-2_13 · Cited by 9
Preserving Privacy in Ethereum Blockchain
Kumar, E. S. (2020) · Annals of Data Science · doi:10.1007/s40745-020-00279-9 · Cited by 9
Sasabe, M. (2020) · Computer Networks · doi:10.1016/j.comnet.2020.107383 · Cited by 9
Bitcoin Cryptocurrency: A Review
(2018) · American Research Journal of Computer Science and Information Technology · doi:10.21694/2572-2921.18002 · Cited by 9
The Case for a 21 Million Bitcoin ConspiracyPreprint
Østbye, P. (2018) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3136044 · Cited by 9
Enhancing Security, Privacy, and Scalability in Blockchain and Internet of Things (IoT): A Survey
Moon, A., Mishra, S., & Mali, M. P. (2023) · IEEE International Conference on Blockchain and Distributed Systems Security (ICBDS) · doi:10.1109/icbds58040.2023.10346378 · Cited by 8
Breaking Parallel ROS: Implication for Isogeny and Lattice-Based Blind Signatures
Katsumata, S., Lai, Y.-F., & Reichle, M. (2024) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-57718-5_11 · Cited by 8
A Survey on Integration of Blockchain and IoT (BIoT): Open Issues, Challenges & Solution
Garg, C., Mishra, D. K., Raj, D., & Mehra, P. S. (2022) · International Conference on Intelligent Computing, Instrumentation and Control Technologies (ICICICT) · doi:10.1109/icicict54557.2022.9917632 · Cited by 8
Study on Integrity and Privacy Requirements of Distributed Ledger Technologies
Yoshihama, S., & Saito, S. (2018) · IEEE International Conference on Internet of Things (iThings) and IEEE Green Computing and Communications (GreenCom) and IEEE Cyber, Physical and Social Computing (CPSCom) and IEEE Smart Data (SmartData) · doi:10.1109/cybermatics_2018.2018.00276 · Cited by 8
Kanaan, R. K., Abumatar, G., Hussein, A. M. A., & Al-Lozi, M. (2019) · Journal of Business & Management (COES&RJ-JBM) · doi:10.25255/jbm.2019.7.3.216.233 · Cited by 9
HSDC–Net: Secure Anonymous Messaging in Online Social Networks
Nosouhi, M. R., Yu, S., Sood, K., & Grobler, M. M. (2019) · IEEE International Conference on Trust, Security and Privacy in Computing and Communications (TrustCom) · doi:10.1109/trustcom/bigdatase.2019.00054 · Cited by 8
On the Application of Financial Security Standards in Blockchain Platforms
Bello, G., & Pérez, A. J. (2020) · Advances in information security · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-38181-3_13 · Cited by 8
CoinWatch: A Clone-Based Approach For Detecting Vulnerabilities in Cryptocurrencies
Hum, Q., Tan, W. J., Tey, S. Y., Lenus, L., Homoliak, I., Lin, Y., & Sun, J. (2020) · IEEE International Conference on Blockchain (Blockchain) · doi:10.1109/blockchain50366.2020.00011 · Cited by 8
Understanding Ethereum Transactions via Network Approach
Xie, Y., Zhou, J., Wang, J., Zhang, J., Sheng, Y., Wu, J., & Xuan, Q. (2021) · Big data management · doi:10.1007/978-981-16-2609-8_7 · Cited by 8
Eisentraut, C., Holzer, S., Klioba, K., Křetínský, J., Pin, L., & Wagner, A. (2021) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-85315-0_13 · Cited by 8
Investigation and Application of Differential Privacy in Bitcoin
Khalilov, M. C. K., & Levi, A. W. (2022) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2022.3151784 · Cited by 9
Systematic Literature Review of Blockchain based Smart Contracts Platforms
Parjuangan, S., & Suhardi, S. (2020) · International Conference on Information Technology Systems and Innovation · doi:10.1109/icitsi50517.2020.9264908 · Cited by 8
Securing Blockchain Wallets Efficiently Based on Threshold ECDSA Scheme Without Trusted Center
Jian, Z., Ran, Q., & Liyan, S. (2021) · Asia-Pacific Conference on Communications Technology and Computer Science (ACCTCS) · doi:10.1109/acctcs52002.2021.00018 · Cited by 8
Model Risk in Cryptocurrency Governance Reliability AssessmentsPreprint
Østbye, P. (2018) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3195686 · Cited by 8
Proof of Learning (PoLe): Empowering Machine Learning with Consensus Building on BlockchainsPreprint
Lan, Y., Liu, Y., & Li, B. (2020) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2007.15145 · Cited by 8
Navigating the Quantum Computing Threat Landscape for Blockchains: A Comprehensive SurveyPreprint
Khodaiemehr, H., Bagheri, K., & Feng, C. (2023) · doi:10.36227/techrxiv.24136440 · Cited by 8
Pheromone-based graph embedding algorithm for Ethereum phishing detection
Xiao, S., Zhang, L., Tian, Z., Su, S., Qiu, J., & Guo, R. (2025) · Computer Networks · doi:10.1016/j.comnet.2025.111123 · Cited by 7
Blockchain Forensics - Unmasking Anonymity in Dark Web Transactions
Gjorgjev, J., Ramadhan, M. F. F., & Dhamayana, S. (2025) · International Journal of Criminology and Sociology · doi:10.6000/1929-4409.2025.14.07 · Cited by 7
A Survey of Attacks on Blockchain Systems Using a Layer-based Approach
Das, J., Tasin, S. A. A., Rabbi, M. F., & Ferdous, M. S. (2025) · Computer Networks · doi:10.1016/j.comnet.2025.111274 · Cited by 7
Past and Future of Cryptocurrencies: A Survey Using Bibliometric Methods
Chen, M., Wei, Y., & Wang, S. (2025) · Journal of Economic Surveys · doi:10.1111/joes.12700 · Cited by 8
Mixing Services in Bitcoin and Ethereum Ecosystems: A Review
Arbabi, A., Shojaeinasab, A., & Najjaran, H. (2025) · IET Blockchain · doi:10.1049/blc2.70021 · Cited by 16
Toward a Privacy-Preserving and Secure Smart City: Recent Advances in User-Centric Applications
Momeni, M. R., Jabbari, A., Fung, C., & Boutaba, R. (2025) · IEEE Internet of Things Journal · doi:10.1109/jiot.2025.3607211 · Cited by 8
A Survey of Blockchain Technology Applications and Consensus Algorithm
Indhuja, E., & Venkatesulu, M. A. (2021) · Lecture notes on data engineering and communications technologies · doi:10.1007/978-981-15-8677-4_15 · Cited by 7
Parallel Proof-of-Work with Concrete Bounds
Keller, P., & Böhme, R. (2022) · ACM Conference on Advances in Financial Technologies (AFT) · doi:10.1145/3558535.3559773 · Cited by 7
Securing Financial Transactions with a Robust Algorithm: Preventing Double-Spending Attacks
Hashim, H. A., Alzighaibi, A. R., Elessawy, A. F., Gad, I., Abdul-Kader, H. M., & Elsaid, A. H. (2023) · Computers · doi:10.3390/computers12090171 · Cited by 7
Wang, Y., Li, B., Zhang, Y., Wu, J., Liu, G., Li, Y., & Mao, Z. (2023) · Journal of Information Security and Applications · doi:10.1016/j.jisa.2023.103610 · Cited by 7
Forecasting of Bitcoin Illiquidity Using High-Dimensional and Textual Features
Sasani, F., Dehkordi, M. M., Ebrahimi, Z., Dustmohammadloo, H., Bouzari, P., Ebrahimi, P., Lencsés, E., & Fekete‐Farkas, M. (2024) · Computers · doi:10.3390/computers13010020 · Cited by 7
chainBoost: A Secure Performance Booster for Blockchain-based Resource Markets
Motaqy, Z., Najd, M. E., & Almashaqbeh, G. (2024) · IEEE European Symposium on Security and Privacy · doi:10.1109/eurosp60621.2024.00022 · Cited by 7
Difficulty of Decentralized Structure Due to Rational User Behavior on Blockchain
Imamura, M., & Omote, K. (2019) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-36938-5_31 · Cited by 7
Blockchain-Based Transparent and Secure Decentralized Algorithm
Sudhakaran, S., Kumar, S., Ranjan, P., & Tripathy, M. R. (2019) · Algorithms for intelligent systems · doi:10.1007/978-981-15-0633-8_32 · Cited by 7
Blockchain Technology in Data Management
N.Arunkumar, & Sivaprakasam, P. (2020) · International Conference on Computing Methodologies and Communication (ICCMC) · doi:10.1109/iccmc48092.2020.iccmc-00039 · Cited by 8
Associative Blockchain for Decentralized PKI Transparency
Boyen, X., Herath, U., McKague, M., & Stebila, D. (2021) · Cryptography · doi:10.3390/cryptography5020014 · Cited by 7
When the Recursive Diversity Anonymity Meets the Ring Signature
Ni, W., Cheng, P., Chen, L., & Lin, X. (2021) · ACM SIGMOD International Conference on Management of Data (SIGMOD) · doi:10.1145/3448016.3452825 · Cited by 7
Vishwakarma, L., & Das, D. (2021) · Cluster Computing · doi:10.1007/s10586-021-03366-5 · Cited by 7
A Conceptual Model to Identify Illegal Activities on the Bitcoin System
Al-Hashedi, K. G., Magalingam, P., Maarop, N. B., Samy, G. N., & Manaf, A. A. (2021) · Communications in computer and information science · doi:10.1007/978-981-16-8059-5_2 · Cited by 7
Applications of Game Theory in a Blockchain-Based Healthcare Information System
Pal, K. (2021) · Advances in healthcare information systems and administration book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-7998-9606-7.ch004 · Cited by 7
Select-Storage: A New Oracle Design Pattern on Blockchain
Gao, Z., Zhuang, Z., Lin, Y., Rui, L., Yang, Y., Chen, Z., & Mo, Z. (2021) · IEEE International Conference on Trust, Security and Privacy in Computing and Communications (TrustCom) · doi:10.1109/trustcom53373.2021.00159 · Cited by 7
Strengthening the bitcoin safety: a graded span based key partitioning mechanism
Rehman, H. U., Khan, U. A., Nazir, M., & Mustafa, K. (2018) · International Journal of Information Technology · doi:10.1007/s41870-018-0252-7 · Cited by 7
Privacy Preservation of Users in P2P E-Payment System
Ansah, A. K. K., Adu-Gyamfi, D., & Anokye, S. (2019) · International Conference on Electrical, Computer and Communication Technologies (ICECCT) · doi:10.1109/icecct.2019.8869354 · Cited by 7
Rahmani, R., & Li, Y. (2020) · Journal of Ubiquitous Systems and Pervasive Networks · doi:10.5383/juspn.12.02.003 · Cited by 7
Secure and Decentralized Crowdfunding Mechanism Based on Blockchain Technology
Kumari, S., & Parmar, K. (2021) · Algorithms for intelligent systems · doi:10.1007/978-981-15-7533-4_7 · Cited by 7
Security in Distributed Ledger Technology: An Analysis of Vulnerabilities and Attack Vectors
Gojka, E.-E., Kannengießer, N., Sturm, B., Bartsch, J., & Sunyaev, A. (2021) · Lecture notes in networks and systems · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-80129-8_50 · Cited by 7
A New Data Deletion Scheme for a Blockchain-based De-duplication System in the Cloud
Khanboubi, Y. E., Hanoune, M., & Ghazouani, M. E. (2022) · International Journal of Communication Networks and Information Security (IJCNIS) · doi:10.17762/ijcnis.v13i2.4975 · Cited by 7
Bitcoin Mining Arms Race: R&D with SpilloversPreprint
Al‐Sabah, H., & Capponi, A. (2018) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3273982 · Cited by 7
A Blockchain-based Forensic Model for Financial Crime Investigation: The Embezzlement ScenarioPreprint
Zarpala, L., & Casino, F. (2020) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3740042 · Cited by 7
Crypto Currency Regulation and Law Enforcement PerspectivesPreprint
Courtois, N., Gradoń, K., & Schmeh, K. (2021) · arXiv.org · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2109.01047 · Cited by 8
A blockchain-based scheme for edge–edge collaboration management in time-sensitive networking
Chen, J., Pu, C., Wang, P., Huang, X., & Liu, Y. (2023) · Journal of King Saud University - Computer and Information Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.jksuci.2023.101902 · Cited by 6
Zhang, L., Zhang, X., Xiao, S., Li, Z., Su, S., Qiu, J., & Tian, Z. (2024) · IEEE Transactions on Computational Social Systems · doi:10.1109/tcss.2024.3516144 · Cited by 6
Perdana, A., Lee, W. E., Lim, C. Y., Pan, G., & Seow, P. S. (2025) · Telematics and Informatics · doi:10.1016/j.tele.2025.102315 · Cited by 12
Optimization of Green Computing in Data Privacy in Healthcare BCT Framework
Thomas, D. M., & Beena, B. M. (2023) · International Conference on Computing, Communication and Networking Technologies (ICCCNT) · doi:10.1109/icccnt56998.2023.10307196 · Cited by 6
Nadella, G. S., Meduri, K., Gonaygunta, H., Satish, S., & Pillai, S. E. V. S. (2024) · International Conference on Contemporary Computing · doi:10.1145/3675888.3676080 · Cited by 8
Blockchain for Securing Data Storage in Digital Banking Services
Al-Khawaja, H. A., & Aburub, F. A. F. (2025) · SN Computer Science · doi:10.1007/s42979-024-03596-5 · Cited by 6
Security Problem Definition and Security Objectives of Cryptocurrency Wallets in Common Criteria
BULUT, Y., & Sertkaya, İ. (2020) · Bilişim Teknolojileri Dergisi · doi:10.17671/gazibtd.513088 · Cited by 6
Bitcoin Users Deanonimization Methods
Avdoshin, S. M., & Lazarenko, V. A. (2018) · Proceedings of the Institute for System Programming of RAS · doi:10.15514/ispras-2018-30(1)-6 · Cited by 5
The Economic Advantages of Blockchain Technology in E-Procurement
Matyskevic, J., & Kremer-Matyškevič, I. (2020) · Regional Formation and Development Studies · doi:10.15181/rfds.v31i2.2094 · Cited by 6
A Holistic View on Blockchain and Its Issues
Noor, M. A. F., Khanum, S., Anwar, T., & Ansari, M. (2020) · Advances in information security, privacy, and ethics book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-7998-2414-5.ch002 · Cited by 7
Software-Defined Network-Based Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks: A Comprehensive Review
Ghonge, M. M., & Pradeep, N. (2022) · EAI/Springer Innovations in Communication and Computing · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-91149-2_2 · Cited by 6
Using patent information analysis to examine the development of blockchain
Wang, C., & Liu, X. (2022) · Technology Analysis and Strategic Management · doi:10.1080/09537325.2022.2118575 · Cited by 6
Context matters: Methods for Bitcoin tracking
Tironsakkul, T., Maarek, M., Eross, A., & Just, M. (2022) · Forensic Science International Digital Investigation · doi:10.1016/j.fsidi.2022.301475 · Cited by 6
Suganthi, S., & Kala, T. S. (2023) · Journal of Control and Decision · doi:10.1080/23307706.2023.2211071 · Cited by 6
Secure and Privacy-Preserving E-mobility Service Based on Blockchain and Hybrid Smart Contracts
Jebari, B., Ghogho, M., & Ibrahimi, K. (2023) · International Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing Conference (IWCMC) · doi:10.1109/iwcmc58020.2023.10182842 · Cited by 6
Security Issues on Smart Grid and Blockchain-Based Secure Smart Energy Management Systems
Dakhl, S. A., Alali, D., Habbi, H. M. D., & Zohdy, M. A. (2023) · IEEE International Conference on Smart Energy Grid Engineering (SEGE) · doi:10.1109/sege59172.2023.10274579 · Cited by 6
The rise of rationality in blockchain dynamics
Antonio, G. D., Vinci, G. V., Pietronero, L., & Javarone, M. A. (2023) · New Journal of Physics · doi:10.1088/1367-2630/ad149a · Cited by 5
Cybersecurity Implications of Virtual Currency Reward Systems in the Metaverse
Allimia, H., Baror, S., & Venter, H. S. (2024) · International Conference on Cyber Warfare and Security · doi:10.34190/iccws.19.1.2057 · Cited by 6
Pachal, S., & Ruj, S. (2019) · International Conference on Communication Systems and Networks · doi:10.1109/comsnets.2019.8711445 · Cited by 4
Bitcoin Security and Privacy: A Study of Users Experiences
Bushager, A. F., Mirza, Z., & Alsalem, E. (2018) · KnE Engineering · doi:10.18502/keg.v3i7.3068 · Cited by 6
eHAPAC: A Privacy-Supported Access Control Model for IP-Enabled Wireless Sensor Networks
Liu, F., Tang, Y., & Wang, L. (2019) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s19071513 · Cited by 6
Trusted and Secured E-Voting Election System Based on Block Chain Technology
Leema, A. A., Gulzar, Z., & Padmavathy, P. (2020) · Lecture notes on data engineering and communications technologies · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-43192-1_9 · Cited by 6
Bitcoin’s Blockchain Peer-to-Peer Network Security Attacks and Countermeasures
Mostafa, M. (2020) · Indian Journal of Science and Technology · doi:10.17485/ijst/2020/v13i07/149691 · Cited by 6
Blockchain-Empowered Mobile Edge Intelligence, Machine Learning and Secure Data Sharing
Du, Y., Miao, S., Tong, Z., Lemieux, V. L., & Wang, Z. (2021) · IntechOpen eBooks · doi:10.5772/intechopen.96618 · Cited by 6
T-Auth: A Novel Authentication Mechanism for the IoT Based on Smart Contracts and PUFs
Liou, W.-C., & Lin, T.-N. (2021) · IEEE International Conference on Communications workshops · doi:10.1109/iccworkshops50388.2021.9473808 · Cited by 6
Pro forma modeling of cryptocurrency returns, volatilities, linkages and portfolio characteristics
Malladi, R. K. (2022) · China Accounting and Finance Review · doi:10.1108/cafr-02-2022-0001 · Cited by 6
Private Data Access in Blockchain Systems Employing Coded Sharding
Sasidharan, B., & Viterbo, E. (2021) · IEEE International Symposium on Information Theory (ISIT) · doi:10.1109/isit45174.2021.9517900 · Cited by 6
Who is Liable if a Public Cryptocurrency Protocol Fails?Preprint
Østbye, P. (2019) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3423681 · Cited by 6
Kim, S. J. (2020) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3668057 · Cited by 6
Anomaly detection and analysis in blockchain systemsPreprint
Singh, P., Agrawal, D., & Pandey, S. (2023) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-2414745/v1 · Cited by 6
Measuring Cryptocurrency LiteracyPreprint
Jones, M. D., Luu, T. (., & Samuel, B. M. (2023) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4541401 · Cited by 6
Metadata
- Authors
- Conti, M., Sandeep Kumar, E., Lal, C., & Ruj, S.
- Affiliations
- University of Padua (IT)
- Manipal University Jaipur (IN)
- Indian Statistical Institute (IN)
- Venue
- IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials
- Published
- 2018
- Volume
- 20
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 3416-3452
- ISSN
- 1553-877X (ISSN-L)
- 2373-745X
- OpenAlex
- W2624307925
- Cited by
- 1,116
- References
- 173
- Citations by year
- 2026: 84 · 2025: 125 · 2024: 94 · 2023: 135 · 2022: 145 · 2021: 164 · 2020: 160 · 2019: 137 · 2018: 67
- FWCI
- 213.02
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- arxiv.org
- Locations
- IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials (publishedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
- Padua Research Archive (University of Padova) (submittedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Information Systems › Blockchain Technology Applications and Security
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Networks and Communications › Cryptography and Data Security
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Information Systems › Blockchain Technology in Education and Learning
- Keywords
- Bitcoin, cryptocurrency security, blockchain, proof-of-work, distributed consensus, mining, vulnerability (computer security), anonymity, privacy risks, security countermeasures
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
