SUN database: Large-scale scene recognition from abbey to zoo
Open accessAbstract
Scene categorization is a fundamental problem in computer vision. However, scene understanding research has been constrained by the limited scope of currently-used databases which do not capture the full variety of scene categories. Whereas standard databases for object categorization contain hundreds of different classes of objects, the largest available dataset of scene categories contains only 15 classes. In this paper we propose the extensive Scene UNderstanding (SUN) database that contains 899 categories and 130,519 images. We use 397 well-sampled categories to evaluate numerous state-of-the-art algorithms for scene recognition and establish new bounds of performance. We measure human scene classification performance on the SUN database and compare this with computational methods. Additionally, we study a finer-grained scene representation to detect scenes embedded inside of larger scenes.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The sparse-sampling strategy causes contents within frames to be less correlated, especially for long videos, implying that feature distributions are quite different.
“Firstly, the sparse-sampling strategy is usually adopted when tackling video representation learning to reduce the training costs [21].The contents within those frames are less correlated, especially for the cases of long videos, implying the features in terms of distributions are quite different [22], [23].”
From Unsupervised Deep Video Hashing via Balanced Code for Large-Scale Video Retrieval (2019) · cites this paper as [23]
Cites
Histograms of Oriented Gradients for Human Detection
Dalal, N., & Triggs, B. (2005) · 2005 IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR'05) · doi:10.1109/cvpr.2005.177 · Cited by 33,584 · see citing works
Multiresolution gray-scale and rotation invariant texture classification with local binary patterns
Ojala, T., Pietikainen, M., & Maenpaa, T. (2002) · IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence · doi:10.1109/tpami.2002.1017623 · Cited by 15,398 · see citing works
Object Detection with Discriminatively Trained Part-Based Models
Felzenszwalb, P. F., Girshick, R. B., McAllester, D., & Ramanan, D. (2010) · IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence · doi:10.1109/tpami.2009.167 · Cited by 9,853 · see citing works
Beyond Bags of Features: Spatial Pyramid Matching for Recognizing Natural Scene Categories
Lazebnik, S., Schmid, C., & Ponce, J. (2006) · 2006 IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition - Volume 2 (CVPR'06) · doi:10.1109/cvpr.2006.68 · Cited by 7,916 · see citing works
Basic objects in natural categories
Rosch, E., Mervis, C. B., Gray, W. D., Johnson, D. M., & Boyes-Braem, P. (1976) · Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1016/0010-0285(76)90013-x · Cited by 5,643 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Microsoft COCO: Common Objects in Context
Lin, T.-Y., Maire, M., Belongie, S., Hays, J., Perona, P., Ramanan, D., Dollár, P., & Zitnick, C. L. (2014) · Lecture Notes in Computer Science · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-10602-1_48 · Cited by 45,460 · see citing works
Self-citationImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge
Russakovsky, O., Deng, J., Su, H., Krause, J., Satheesh, S., Ma, S., Huang, Z., Karpathy, A., Khosla, A., Bernstein, M., et al. (2015) · International Journal of Computer Vision · doi:10.1007/s11263-015-0816-y · Cited by 39,380 · see citing works
Learning Deep Features for Discriminative Localization
Zhou, B., Khosla, A., Lapedriza, A., Oliva, A., & Torralba, A. (2016) · 2016 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR) · doi:10.1109/cvpr.2016.319 · Cited by 11,428 · see citing works
Self-citationKirillov, A., Mintun, E., Ravi, N., Mao, H., Rolland, C., Gustafson, L., Xiao, T., Whitehead, S., Berg, A. C., Lo, W.-Y., et al. (2023) · 2023 IEEE/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV) · doi:10.1109/iccv51070.2023.00371 · Cited by 11,953 · see citing works
Deep Learning Face Attributes in the Wild
Liu, Z., Luo, P., Wang, X., & Tang, X. (2015) · 2015 IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV) · doi:10.1109/iccv.2015.425 · Cited by 7,747 · see citing works
Visual Genome: Connecting Language and Vision Using Crowdsourced Dense Image Annotations
Krishna, R., Zhu, Y., Groth, O., Johnson, J., Hata, K., Kravitz, J., Chen, S., Kalantidis, Y., Li, L.-J., Shamma, D. A., et al. (2017) · International Journal of Computer Vision · doi:10.1007/s11263-016-0981-7 · Cited by 5,107 · see citing works
DeCAF: A Deep Convolutional Activation Feature for Generic Visual Recognition
Donahue, J., Jia, Y., Vinyals, O., Hoffman, J., Zhang, N., Tzeng, E., & Darrell, T. (2013) · arXiv · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1310.1531 · Cited by 4,019 · see citing works
Hmdb: a large video database for human motion recognition
Kuehne, H., Jhuang, H., Garrote, E., Poggio, T., & Serre, T. (2011) · 2011 International Conference on Computer Vision · doi:10.1109/iccv.2011.6126543 · Cited by 3,965 · see citing works
DOTA: A Large-Scale Dataset for Object Detection in Aerial Images
Xia, G.-S., Bai, X., Ding, J., Zhu, Z., Belongie, S., Luo, J., Datcu, M., Pelillo, M., & Zhang, L. (2018) · 2018 IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · doi:10.1109/cvpr.2018.00418 · Cited by 3,414 · see citing works
Scene Parsing through ADE20K Dataset
Zhou, B., Zhao, H., Puig, X., Fidler, S., Barriuso, A., & Torralba, A. (2017) · 2017 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR) · doi:10.1109/cvpr.2017.544 · Cited by 3,326 · see citing works
Self-citationLearning to Prompt for Vision-Language Models
Zhou, K., Yang, J., Loy, C. C., & Liu, Z. (2022) · International Journal of Computer Vision · doi:10.1007/s11263-022-01653-1 · Cited by 3,304 · see citing works
“For generic objects (ImageNet & Caltech101), scenes (SUN397) and actions (UCF101), using unified context is clearly better.”
BackgroundA systematic study of the class imbalance problem in convolutional neural networks
Buda, M., Maki, A., & Mazurowski, M. A. (2018) · Neural Networks · doi:10.1016/j.neunet.2018.07.011 · Cited by 3,088 · see citing works
“There are plenty of examples in domains like computer vision [6, 7, 8, 9, 10], medical diagnosis [11, 12], fraud detection [13] and others [14, 15, 16] where this issue is highly significant and the frequency of one class (e.g., cancer) can be 1000 times less than another class (e.g., healthy…”
BackgroundTorralba, A., & Efros, A. A. (2011) · CVPR 2011 · doi:10.1109/cvpr.2011.5995347 · Cited by 2,440 · see citing works
Self-citationSUN RGB-D: A RGB-D scene understanding benchmark suite
Song, S., Lichtenberg, S. P., & Xiao, J. (2015) · 2015 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR) · doi:10.1109/cvpr.2015.7298655 · Cited by 1,943 · see citing works
Self-citationReturn of Frustratingly Easy Domain Adaptation
Sun, B., Feng, J., & Saenko, K. (2016) · Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.1609/aaai.v30i1.10306 · Cited by 2,004 · see citing works
Matterport3D: Learning from RGB-D Data in Indoor Environments
Chang, A., Dai, A., Funkhouser, T., Halber, M., Niebner, M., Savva, M., Song, S., Zeng, A., & Zhang, Y. (2017) · 2017 International Conference on 3D Vision (3DV) · doi:10.1109/3dv.2017.00081 · Cited by 1,858 · see citing works
Semantic Understanding of Scenes Through the ADE20K Dataset
Zhou, B., Zhao, H., Puig, X., Xiao, T., Fidler, S., Barriuso, A., & Torralba, A. (2019) · International Journal of Computer Vision · doi:10.1007/s11263-018-1140-0 · Cited by 1,831 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Role of Context for Object Detection and Semantic Segmentation in the Wild
Mottaghi, R., Chen, X., Liu, X., Cho, N.-G., Lee, S.-W., Fidler, S., Urtasun, R., & Yuille, A. (2014) · 2014 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · doi:10.1109/cvpr.2014.119 · Cited by 1,438 · see citing works
Image Classification with the Fisher Vector: Theory and Practice
Sánchez, J., Perronnin, F., Mensink, T., & Verbeek, J. (2013) · International Journal of Computer Vision · doi:10.1007/s11263-013-0636-x · Cited by 1,498 · see citing works
Do Better ImageNet Models Transfer Better?
Kornblith, S., Shlens, J., & Le, Q. V. (2019) · 2019 IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR) · doi:10.1109/cvpr.2019.00277 · Cited by 1,325 · see citing works
LVIS: A Dataset for Large Vocabulary Instance Segmentation
Gupta, A., Dollar, P., & Girshick, R. (2019) · 2019 IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR) · doi:10.1109/cvpr.2019.00550 · Cited by 1,274 · see citing works
Evaluating the Visualization of What a Deep Neural Network Has Learned
Samek, W., Binder, A., Montavon, G., Lapuschkin, S., & Muller, K.-R. (2017) · IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems · doi:10.1109/tnnls.2016.2599820 · Cited by 1,164 · see citing works
Image retrieval using scene graphs
Johnson, J., Krishna, R., Stark, M., Li, L.-J., Shamma, D. A., Bernstein, M. S., & Fei-Fei, L. (2015) · 2015 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR) · doi:10.1109/cvpr.2015.7298990 · Cited by 1,101 · see citing works
DINOv2: Learning Robust Visual Features without Supervision
Oquab, M., Darcet, T., Moutakanni, T., Vo, H., Szafraniec, M., Khalidov, V., Fernandez, P., Haziza, D., Massa, F., El-Nouby, A., et al. (2023) · arXiv · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2304.07193 · Cited by 1,078 · see citing works
Vision-Language Models for Vision Tasks: A Survey
Zhang, J., Huang, J., Jin, S., & Lu, S. (2024) · IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence · doi:10.1109/tpami.2024.3369699 · Cited by 1,051 · see citing works
Learning Representations for Automatic Colorization
Larsson, G., Maire, M., & Shakhnarovich, G. (2016) · Lecture Notes in Computer Science · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-46493-0_35 · Cited by 946 · see citing works
Ensemble of exemplar-SVMs for object detection and beyond
Malisiewicz, T., Gupta, A., & Efros, A. A. (2011) · 2011 International Conference on Computer Vision · doi:10.1109/iccv.2011.6126229 · Cited by 865 · see citing works
Jiang, M., Huang, S., Duan, J., & Zhao, Q. (2015) · 2015 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR) · doi:10.1109/cvpr.2015.7298710 · Cited by 729 · see citing works
A survey and performance evaluation of deep learning methods for small object detection
Liu, Y., Sun, P., Wergeles, N., & Shang, Y. (2021) · Expert Systems with Applications · doi:10.1016/j.eswa.2021.114602 · Cited by 665 · see citing works
VizWiz Grand Challenge: Answering Visual Questions from Blind People
Gurari, D., Li, Q., Stangl, A. J., Guo, A., Lin, C., Grauman, K., Luo, J., & Bigham, J. P. (2018) · 2018 IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · doi:10.1109/cvpr.2018.00380 · Cited by 621 · see citing works
“Historically, progress in the research community on a given computer vision problem is typically preceded by a largescale, publicly-shared dataset [12, 25, 30, 33, 42].”
BackgroundWinCLIP: Zero-/Few-Shot Anomaly Classification and Segmentation
Jeong, J., Zou, Y., Kim, T., Zhang, D., Ravichandran, A., & Dabeer, O. (2023) · 2023 IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR) · doi:10.1109/cvpr52729.2023.01878 · Cited by 585 · see citing works
Multi-class texture analysis in colorectal cancer histology
Kather, J. N., Weis, C.-A., Bianconi, F., Melchers, S. M., Schad, L. R., Gaiser, T., Marx, A., & Zöllner, F. G. (2016) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep27988 · Cited by 578 · see citing works
A review of visual memory capacity: Beyond individual items and toward structured representations
Brady, T. F., Konkle, T., & Alvarez, G. A. (2011) · Journal of Vision · doi:10.1167/11.5.4 · Cited by 556 · see citing works
Neural decoding of visual imagery during sleep
Horikawa, T., Tamaki, M., Miyawaki, Y., & Kamitani, Y. (2013) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1234330 · Cited by 498 · see citing works
Scime, L., & Beuth, J. (2018) · Additive Manufacturing · doi:10.1016/j.addma.2017.11.009 · Cited by 489 · see citing works
With a Little Help from My Friends: Nearest-Neighbor Contrastive Learning of Visual Representations
Dwibedi, D., Aytar, Y., Tompson, J., Sermanet, P., & Zisserman, A. (2021) · 2021 IEEE/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV) · doi:10.1109/iccv48922.2021.00945 · Cited by 404 · see citing works
Analyzing the Performance of Multilayer Neural Networks for Object Recognition
Agrawal, P., Girshick, R., & Malik, J. (2014) · Lecture Notes in Computer Science · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-10584-0_22 · Cited by 427 · see citing works
MFC Datasets: Large-Scale Benchmark Datasets for Media Forensic Challenge Evaluation
Guan, H., Kozak, M., Robertson, E., Lee, Y., Yates, A. N., Delgado, A., Zhou, D., Kheyrkhah, T., Smith, J., & Fiscus, J. (2019) · 2019 IEEE Winter Applications of Computer Vision Workshops (WACVW) · doi:10.1109/wacvw.2019.00018 · Cited by 329 · see citing works
Factors of Transferability for a Generic ConvNet Representation
Azizpour, H., Razavian, A. S., Sullivan, J., Maki, A., & Carlsson, S. (2016) · IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence · doi:10.1109/tpami.2015.2500224 · Cited by 301 · see citing works
Does learning require memorization? a short tale about a long tail
Feldman, V. (2020) · Proceedings of the 52nd Annual ACM SIGACT Symposium on Theory of Computing · doi:10.1145/3357713.3384290 · Cited by 287 · see citing works
Holistic Scene Understanding for 3D Object Detection with RGBD Cameras
Lin, D., Fidler, S., & Urtasun, R. (2013) · 2013 IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision · doi:10.1109/iccv.2013.179 · Cited by 253 · see citing works
Learning Aligned Cross-Modal Representations from Weakly Aligned Data
Castrejon, L., Aytar, Y., Vondrick, C., Pirsiavash, H., & Torralba, A. (2016) · 2016 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR) · doi:10.1109/cvpr.2016.321 · Cited by 188 · see citing works
Self-citationA dataset for developing and benchmarking active vision
Ammirato, P., Poirson, P., Park, E., Kosecka, J., & Berg, A. C. (2017) · 2017 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA) · doi:10.1109/icra.2017.7989164 · Cited by 187 · see citing works
Self-Supervised Transformers for Unsupervised Object Discovery using Normalized Cut
Wang, Y., Shen, X., Hu, S. X., Yuan, Y., Crowley, J. L., & Vaufreydaz, D. (2022) · 2022 IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR) · doi:10.1109/cvpr52688.2022.01414 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
Scene Parsing by Integrating Function, Geometry and Appearance Models
Zhao, Y., & Zhu, S.-C. (2013) · 2013 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · doi:10.1109/cvpr.2013.401 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Unsupervised Deep Video Hashing via Balanced Code for Large-Scale Video Retrieval
Wu, G., Han, J., Guo, Y., Liu, L., Ding, G., Ni, Q., & Shao, L. (2019) · IEEE Transactions on Image Processing · doi:10.1109/tip.2018.2882155 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
Incremental Learning of NCM Forests for Large-Scale Image Classification
Ristin, M., Guillaumin, M., Gall, J., & Van Gool, L. (2014) · 2014 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · doi:10.1109/cvpr.2014.467 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Cornelissen, T. H. W., & Võ, M. L.-H. (2017) · Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics · doi:10.3758/s13414-016-1203-7 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Assessing Image Quality Issues for Real-World Problems
Chiu, T.-Y., Zhao, Y., & Gurari, D. (2020) · 2020 IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR) · doi:10.1109/cvpr42600.2020.00370 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Gao, J., Yang, J., Wang, G., & Li, M. (2016) · Neurocomputing · doi:10.1016/j.neucom.2016.06.055 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Contrasting Contrastive Self-Supervised Representation Learning Pipelines
Kotar, K., Ilharco, G., Schmidt, L., Ehsani, K., & Mottaghi, R. (2021) · 2021 IEEE/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV) · doi:10.1109/iccv48922.2021.00980 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Damacena Duarte, J., Cândido, G. D., De Britto Filho, J. R. A., Souza Neto, J., Da Costa, E. J., Da Costa, J. P. J., & Peotta De Melo, L. (2026) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2026.3656849 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Haq, E. U., Huarong, X., Xuhui, C., Wanqing, Z., Jianping, F., & Abid, F. (2020) · Multimedia Tools and Applications · doi:10.1007/s11042-019-08167-y · Cited by 12 · see citing works
- Authors
- Xiao, J., Hays, J., Ehinger, K. A., Oliva, A., & Torralba, A.
- Affiliations
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology (US)
- Brown University (US)
- Venue
- 2010 IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition
- Publisher
- IEEE
- Published
- 2010-06
- Pages
- 3485-3492
- ISSN
- 1063-6919 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2017814585
- Cited by
- 3,283
- References
- 5
- Citations by year
- 2026: 186 · 2025: 298 · 2024: 311 · 2023: 255 · 2022: 213 · 2021: 248 · 2020: 209 · 2019: 247 · 2018: 214 · 2017: 199 · 2016: 250 · 2015: 225 · 2014: 181 · 2013: 125 · 2012: 74
- FWCI
- 67.50
- Type
- conference paper
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- hdl.handle.net
- Licence
- cc-by-nc-sa
- Locations
- IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition/Proceedings - IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition/Proceedings (publishedVersion)
- DSpace@MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition › Advanced Image and Video Retrieval Techniques
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition › Advanced Neural Network Applications
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition › Image Retrieval and Classification Techniques
- Keywords
- scene classification, scene understanding, human performance comparison
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review