Dual-stream Multiple Instance Learning Network for Whole Slide Image Classification with Self-supervised Contrastive Learning
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We address the challenging problem of whole slide image (WSI) classification. WSIs have very high resolutions and usually lack localized annotations. WSI classification can be cast as a multiple instance learning (MIL) problem when only slide-level labels are available. We propose a MIL-based method for WSI classification and tumor detection that does not require localized annotations. Our method has three major components. First, we introduce a novel MIL aggregator that models the relations of the instances in a dual-stream architecture with trainable distance measurement. Second, since WSIs can produce large or unbalanced bags that hinder the training of MIL models, we propose to use self-supervised contrastive learning to extract good representations for MIL and alleviate the issue of prohibitive memory cost for large bags. Third, we adopt a pyramidal fusion mechanism for multiscale WSI features, and further improve the accuracy of classification and localization. Our model is evaluated on two representative WSI datasets. The classification accuracy of our model compares favorably to fully-supervised methods, with less than 2% accuracy gap across datasets. Our results also outperform all previous MIL-based methods. Additional benchmark results on standard MIL datasets further demonstrate the superior performance of our MIL aggregator on general MIL problems.
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Whole-slide representation models can be pretrained to distill pathology-specific knowledge from large WSI collections, simplifying clinical endpoint prediction with their off-the-shelf application.
“Instead of training an additional model on top of patch embeddings from scratch34,73–80, these whole-slide representation models can be pretrained to distill pathology-specific knowledge from large WSI collections, simplifying clinical endpoint prediction with their off-the-shelf application.”
From A multimodal whole-slide foundation model for pathology (2025) · cites this paper as [75]
The Method (page not specified) describes self-supervised pretraining on patches extracted from WSIs, with the resulting feature extractor used for downstream classification. It does not describe pretraining a whole-slide representation model for off-the-shelf clinical endpoint prediction; the method also trains a MIL aggregator for slide classification. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe remaining studies explored multiple other tasks and many focused on classification of malignant disorders such as breast cancer, skin cancer, and lung cancer.
“The remaining studies explored multiple other tasks and many focused on classification of malignant disorders such as breast cancer56,61,88, skin cancer89, and lung cancer59.”
From Self-supervised learning for medical image classification: a systematic review and implementation guidelines (2023) · cites this paper as [59]
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“, (Li et al., 2021) employed a feature concatenation strategy, where high-level features of each region from different scales were merged to in-”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialAttention-Challenging Multiple Instance Learning for Whole Slide Image Classification
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- Authors
- Li, B., Li, Y., & Eliceiri, K. W.
- Affiliations
- University of Wisconsin–Madison (US)
- Corresponding author
- Li, Yin
- Eliceiri, Kevin W.
- Venue
- 2021 IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR)
- Publisher
- IEEE
- Published
- 2021-06
- Volume
- 2021
- Pages
- 14313-14323
- ISSN
- 1063-6919 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC8765709
- OpenAlex
- W3176719058
- Cited by
- 957
- References
- 60
- Citations by year
- 2026: 204 · 2025: 247 · 2024: 241 · 2023: 171 · 2022: 82 · 2021: 12
- FWCI
- 58.33
- Type
- conference paper
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Licence
- Locations
- IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition/Proceedings - IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition/Proceedings (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University)
- Funders
- Semiconductor Research Corporation
- Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute of General Medical Sciences (P41GM135019)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › AI in cancer detection
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Radiomics and Machine Learning in Medical Imaging
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Domain Adaptation and Few-Shot Learning
- Keywords
- whole slide image classification, multiple instance learning, self-supervised contrastive learning, two-stream network, tumor detection, multi-scale features
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