Lessons learned from the deployment of a long-term autonomous robot as companion in physical therapy for older adults with dementia a mixed methods study
Abstract
The eldercare sector is a promising deployment area for robotics where robots can support staff and help to bridge the predicted staff-shortage. A requirement analysis showed that one field of robot-deployment could be supporting physical therapy of older adults with advanced dementia. To explore this possibility, a long-term autonomous robot was deployed as a walking group assistant at a care site for the first time. The robot accompanied two weekly walking groups for a month, offering visual and acoustic stimulation. Therapists' experience, the robot's influence on the dynamic of the group and the therapists' estimation of the robot's utility were assessed by a mixed methods design consisting of observations, interviews and rating scales. Findings suggest that a robot has the potential to enhance motivation, group coherence and also mood within the walking group. Furthermore, older adults show curiosity and openness towards the robot. However, robustness and reliability of the system must be high, otherwise technical problems quickly turn the robot from a useful assistant into a source of additional workload and exhaustion for therapists.
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[33] revealed some Design failures that led to iterative improvements between annual deployments.
“For instance, [33] revealed some of the Design failures that lead to the iterative improvements between annual deployments.”
From Taxonomy of Trust-Relevant Failures and Mitigation Strategies (2020) · cites this paper as [33]
Other probability scores are much harder to obtain in a post-mortem analysis of long-term deployment and require more focused studies involving users directly.
“The other probability scores are much harder to obtain in a post-mortem analysis of long-term deployment, and require more focused studies, e.g.[33], involving the users directly.”
From Taxonomy of Trust-Relevant Failures and Mitigation Strategies (2020) · cites this paper as [33]
Impact assessment was based on qualitative analysis in the context of the care deployment within the STRANDS project.
“To assess the impact of individual failures, we base our assessment of a qualitative analysis in the context of the care deployment within the STRANDS project [24,33,34].”
From Taxonomy of Trust-Relevant Failures and Mitigation Strategies (2020) · cites this paper as [33]
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Gillet, S., Zhang, Y., McMillan, D., Salomons, N., & Leite, I. (2026) · ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI) · doi:10.1145/3757279.3785637 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Enhancing Aged Care through Human-Robot Collaboration: A Case Study of Chore Robots.Preprint
Chira, V. A. M., Caldwell, G. A., & Miller, E. (2024) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-3977206/v1 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Adapting Movements and Behaviour to Favour Communication in Human-Robot Interaction
Lohan, K. S., Ahmad, M., Dondrup, C., Ardón, P., Pairet, È., & Vinciarelli, A. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-46732-6_13
Self-citationA Study on the Amount of Speech in Partner Robots for Purposeless Walking
Sono, T., & Imai, M. (2021) · Journal of Japan Society for Fuzzy Theory and Intelligent Informatics · doi:10.3156/jsoft.33.1_582
Two-handed Design: Development of Food Personality Framework Using Mixed Method Needfinding
Jung, S. D., Basu, C., Park, D., Fukunaga, J., Santos, M. C., & Kim, S. (2022) · CHI Conference Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI EA) · doi:10.1145/3491101.3503554
Pütten, A. M. R.-V. D., Mertens, A., Stephan, A., Schiffer, S., Abrams, A. M. H., Kopp, S., & Nitsch, V. (2023) · KIT Scientific Publishing eBooks · doi:10.58895/ksp/1000151552-2
Advancing Mental Health Care: Global Perspectives on Digital and Telepsychiatry Solutions
Mucić, D., Hilty, D. M., & Yellowlees, P. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-59936-1_17
Exploring Existing Approaches to Adaptable and Adaptive Social Robots
Andriella, A., Carme Torras, A., & Alenyà, G. (2025) · Springer tracts in advanced robotics · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-71732-1_2
Frequency Map Enhancement Revisited and Extended for Biohybrid Robotics
Vintr, T., Vintrová, V., Stefanec, M., Rozsypálek, Z., Rekabi-Bana, F., & Arvin, F. (2025) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-01486-3_8
Design Considerations in Enhancing Recreational Therapy in Long-Term Care - Literature Review
Moshchenskaya, A., Trudel, C. M. J., Attef, M., & Orosz, Z. (2025) · Proceedings of the International Symposium on Human Factors and Ergonomics in Health Care · doi:10.1177/2327857925141028
Enhancing Aged Care through Human-Robot Collaboration: A Case Study of Chore Robots
Chira, V. A. M., Caldwell, G. A., & Miller, E. (2024) · Australian Conference on Human-Computer Interaction (OzCHI) · doi:10.1145/3726986.3727905 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Design Recommendations for Robot-Supported Group Interaction among Older Adults
Zhang, Y., Leite, I., & Gillet, S. (2026) · ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI) · doi:10.1145/3776734.3794538
Bridging the Gap: Advancements in Interactive Technology to Support Dementia Care – A Scoping Review
Ma, Y., Nordberg, O. E., Zhang, Y., Rongve, A., Bachinski, M., & Fjeld, M. (2026) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-30041-6_11
- Authors
- Hebesberger, D., Koertner, T., Gisinger, C., Pripfl, J., & Dondrup, C.
- Affiliations
- Akademie für Altersforschung am Haus der Barmherzigkeit (AT)
- Universität für Weiterbildung Krems (AT)
- University of Lincoln (GB)
- Venue
- 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI)
- Publisher
- IEEE
- Published
- 2016-03
- Pages
- 27-34
- OpenAlex
- W4251569456
- Cited by
- 79
- References
- 28
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 4
- FWCI
- 12.37
- Type
- conference paper
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI) (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Social Robot Interaction and HRI
- Social Sciences › Demography › Technology Use by Older Adults
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Prosthetics and Rehabilitation Robotics
- Keywords
- companion robots, physiotherapy, dementia, older adults, walking groups, therapist workload, group dynamics, motivation, robot acceptance, staff shortage
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