Tell me more designing HRI to encourage more trust, disclosure, and companionship
Abstract
Previous HRI research has established that trust, disclosure, and a sense of companionship lead to positive outcomes. In this study, we extend existing work by exploring behavioral approaches to increasing these three aspects of HRI. We increased the expressivity and vulnerability of a robot and measured the effects on trust, disclosure, and companionship during human-robot interaction. We engaged (N = 61) high school aged students in a 2 (vulnerability of robot: high vs. low) × 2 (expressivity of robot: high vs. low) between-subjects study where participants engaged in a short electronics learning activity with a robotic tutor. Our results show that students had more trust and feelings of companionship with a vulnerable robot, and reported disclosing more with an expressive robot. Additionally, we found that trust mediated the relationship between vulnerability and companionship. These findings suggest that vulnerability and expressivity may improve peoples' relationships with robots, but that they each have different effects.
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Self-disclosure is acknowledged as essential for the formation of human-robot relationships and HCRs.
“Such facilitation of self-disclosure might be further strengthened in HCR, and self-disclosure is acknowledged as essential for the formation of human-robot relationships (Kanda et al., 2007;Martelaro et al., 2016) and HCRs (Croes & Antheunis, 2021;Skjuve et al., 2021).”
From A longitudinal study of human–chatbot relationships (2022) · cites this paper as Martelaro et al., 2016
Cites
A very brief measure of the Big-Five personality domains
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ELIZA—a computer program for the study of natural language communication between man and machine
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“The relationship between trust, disclosure, and companionship are intertwined in human relationships, but evidence suggests that trust and disclosure are foundational for early stages of relationships [35].”
BackgroundA Meta-Analysis of Factors Affecting Trust in Human-Robot Interaction
Hancock, P. A., Billings, D. R., Schaefer, K. E., Chen, J. Y. C., de Visser, E. J., & Parasuraman, R. (2011) · Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society · doi:10.1177/0018720811417254 · Cited by 2,051 · cited 2× · see citing works
“’s [5] meta-analysis of trust studies confirmed this, finding that performance of the robot had the greatest influence on perceptions of trust.”
BackgroundEstablishing and maintaining long-term human-computer relationships
Bickmore, T. W., & Picard, R. W. (2005) · ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction · doi:10.1145/1067860.1067867 · Cited by 1,333 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Van Mulken [21], found that expressivity alone was not enough to engender trust, suggesting that it can be integrated with other features, such as robot vulnerability, to build trust [15].”
BackgroundNass, C., & Lee, K. M. (2001) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied · doi:10.1037/1076-898x.7.3.171 · Cited by 522 · see citing works
A two-month field trial in an elementary school for long-term human–robot interaction
Kanda, T., Sato, R., Saiwaki, N., & Ishiguro, H. (2007) · IEEE Transactions on Robotics · doi:10.1109/tro.2007.904904 · Cited by 397 · see citing works
Robots at home: Understanding long-term human-robot interaction
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Lee, S., & Choi, J. (2017) · International Journal of Human-Computer Studies · doi:10.1016/j.ijhcs.2017.02.005 · Cited by 388 · see citing works
A longitudinal study of human–chatbot relationships
Skjuve, M., Følstad, A., Fostervold, K. I., & Brandtzaeg, P. B. (2022) · International Journal of Human-Computer Studies · doi:10.1016/j.ijhcs.2022.102903 · Cited by 253 · see citing works
Effects of Anthropomorphism and Accountability on Trust in Human Robot Interaction
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Vulnerable robots positively shape human conversational dynamics in a human–robot team
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Lee, K., Lee, K. Y., & Sheehan, L. (2020) · Information Systems Frontiers · doi:10.1007/s10796-019-09975-1 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
- Authors
- Martelaro, N., Nneji, V. C., Ju, W., & Hinds, P.
- Affiliations
- Stanford University (US)
- Duke University (US)
- Venue
- 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI)
- Publisher
- IEEE
- Published
- 2016-03
- Pages
- 181-188
- OpenAlex
- W4238554889
- Cited by
- 124
- References
- 9
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 16 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 21 · 2020: 17 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 3
- FWCI
- 19.68
- Type
- conference paper
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI) (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Social Robot Interaction and HRI
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › AI in Service Interactions
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Human-Computer Interaction › Innovative Human-Technology Interaction
- Keywords
- human-robot interaction, trust, disclosure, companionship, high school students, mediating effect of trust
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