Creation and Detection of Vector Vortex Modes for Classical and Quantum Communication
Open accessAbstract
Vector vortex beams are structured states of light that are nonseparable in their polarisation and spatial mode, they are eigenmodes of free-space and many fiber systems, and have the capacity to be used as information carriers for both classical and quantum communication. Here, we outline recent progress in our understanding of these modes, from their creation to their characterization and detection. We then use these tools to study their propagation behavior in free-space and optical fiber and show that modal cross-talk results in a decay of vector states into separable scalar modes, with a concomitant loss of information. We present a comparison between probabilistic and deterministic detection schemes showing that the former, while ubiquitous, negates the very benefit of increased dimensionality in quantum communication while reducing signal in classical communication links. This work provides a useful introduction to the field as well as presenting new findings and perspectives to advance it further.
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South African researchers have made pioneering contributions in structured light for quantum information processing, including the first high-dimensional entanglement with spatial modes for communications and self-healing quantum states.
“there have been pioneering work with structured light for quantum information processing [21][22][23] that include the first highdimensional entanglement with spatial modes for communications 24 and self-healing quantum states.25”
From Toward a quantum future for South Africa (2021) · cites this paper as [21]
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120 Gbit/s 2 × 2 Vector-Modes-Division- Multiplexing DD-OFDM-32QAM Free-Space Transmission
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Radially polarized cylindrical vector beams from a monolithic microchip laser
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Modal decomposition for measuring the orbital angular momentum density of light
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Optical vortices 30 years on: OAM manipulation from topological charge to multiple singularities
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Self-citationTransmission of classically entangled beams through mouse brain tissue
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Multichannel Spatially Nonhomogeneous Focused Vector Vortex Beams for Quantum Experiments
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Topological liquid crystal superstructures as structured light lasers
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Self-citationGeneration and characterization of complex vector modes with digital micromirror devices: a tutorial
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Self-citationWang, F.-X., Chen, W., Yin, Z.-Q., Wang, S., Guo, G.-C., & Han, Z.-F. (2019) · Physical Review Applied · doi:10.1103/physrevapplied.11.024070 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
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A perspective on structured light's applications
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Chiral Plasmons Enable Coherent Vortex Smith–Purcell Radiation
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Observation of Anomalous Orbital Angular Momentum Transfer in Parametric Nonlinearity
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Generation of structured light by multilevel orbital angular momentum holograms
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Self-citationAdvances in Orbital Angular Momentum Lasers
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Self-citationLu, J., Shi, F., Xu, J., Meng, L., Zhang, L., Cheng, P., Zhou, X., Pang, F., & Zeng, X. (2020) · Nanophotonics · doi:10.1515/nanoph-2020-0461 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Intracavity cylindrical vector beam generation from all-PM Er-doped mode-locked fiber laser
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Experimental generation of helical Mathieu–Gauss vector modes
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Distortion Compensation for Orbital Angular Momentum Beams: From Probing to Deep Learning
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High-Speed Directly Modulated Cylindrical Vector Beam Lasers
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Laser–Material Interactions of High-Quality Ultrashort Pulsed Vector Vortex Beams
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Twist phase and classical entanglement of partially coherent light
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Self-referenced interferometry for single-shot detection of vector-vortex beams
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Singh, S. K., Notte, S., Yamaguchi, R., Kinashi, K., Tsutsumi, N., Sakai, W., Awatsuji, Y., & Jackin, B. J. (2024) · Optics Letters · doi:10.1364/ol.510177 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Direct Generation of Radially Polarized Vector Vortex Beam with an Exciton-Polariton Laser
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Purity of Vector Vortex Beams through a Birefringent Amplifier
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Toward Arbitrary Spin‐Orbit Flat Optics Via Structured Geometric Phase Gratings
Li, C., Liu, S., Yu, B., Wu, H., Rosales‐Guzmán, C., Shen, Y., Chen, P., Zhu, Z., & Lu, Y. (2023) · Laser & Photonics Review · doi:10.1002/lpor.202200800 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Imprinting Spatial Helicity Structure of Vector Vortex Beam on Spin Texture in Semiconductors
Ishihara, J., Mori, T., Suzuki, T., Sato, S., Morita, K., Kohda, M., Ohno, Y., & Miyajima, K. (2023) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.130.126701 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Experimental generation of arbitrary abruptly autofusing Circular Airy Gaussian vortex vector beams
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Majorana vortex photons a form of entangled photons propagation through brain tissue
Mamani, S., Shi, L., Nolan, D. A., & Alfano, R. R. (2019) · Journal of Biophotonics · doi:10.1002/jbio.201900036 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Real-Time Phase Conjugation of Vector Vortex Beams
de Oliveira, A. G., Arruda, M. F. Z., Soares, W. C., Walborn, S. P., Gomes, R. M., de Araújo, R. M., & Ribeiro, P. H. S. (2019) · ACS Photonics · doi:10.1021/acsphotonics.9b01524 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Reconfigurable Vector Vortex Beams Using Spoof Surface Plasmon Ring Resonators
Liao, Z., Che, Y., Liu, L., Pan, B. C., Cai, B. G., Zhou, J. N., Luo, G. Q., & Liu, Y. (2022) · IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation · doi:10.1109/tap.2022.3161487 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Full Spatial Characterization of Entangled Structured Photons
Gao, X., Zhang, Y., D’Errico, A., Sit, A., Heshami, K., & Karimi, E. (2024) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.132.063802 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Quantum skyrmions in general quantum channels
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Self-citationde Oliveira, A. G., da Silva, N. R., de Araújo, R. M., Ribeiro, P. H. S., & Walborn, S. P. (2020) · Physical Review Applied · doi:10.1103/physrevapplied.14.024048 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Suprano, A., Zia, D., Polino, E., Giordani, T., Innocenti, L., Paternostro, M., Ferraro, A., Spagnolo, N., & Sciarrino, F. (2021) · New Journal of Physics · doi:10.1088/1367-2630/ac0c53 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
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Weng, X., Miao, Y., Zhang, Q., Wang, G., Li, Y., Gao, X., & Zhuang, S. (2022) · Advanced Photonics Research · doi:10.1002/adpr.202100194 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
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Harrison, J., Naidoo, D., Forbes, A., & Dudley, A. L. (2024) · Advances in Physics X · doi:10.1080/23746149.2024.2327453 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Self-citationUltrabroadband Multichannel Vector Vortex Beams With Versatile Electrically Induced Functionality
Sun, P., Liu, B., Wang, Y., Yuan, C., Jia, S., Shen, D., & Zheng, Z. (2023) · Laser & Photonics Review · doi:10.1002/lpor.202300098 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
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Self-citationMultidimensional trapping by dual-focusing cylindrical vector beams with all-silicon metalens
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Mode sorter designed for (de)multiplexing vector vortex modes
Jia, J., Chang, Z., Yang, H., Liu, Q., Wang, F., Gao, H., Li, F., & Zhang, P. (2019) · Applied Optics · doi:10.1364/ao.58.007094 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Super bursts of the orbital angular momentum in astigmatic-invariant structured LG beams
Volyar, A. V., Abramochkin, E. G., Евгеньевна, А. Я., & Bretsko, M. (2022) · Optics Letters · doi:10.1364/ol.474385 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
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- Authors
- Ndagano, B., Nape, I., Cox, M. A., Rosales-Guzman, C., & Forbes, A.
- Affiliations
- University of the Witwatersrand (ZA)
- Venue
- Journal of Lightwave Technology
- Published
- 2018-01-15
- Volume
- 36
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 292-301
- ISSN
- 0733-8724 (ISSN-L)
- 1558-2213
- OpenAlex
- W2753031330
- Cited by
- 312
- References
- 110
- Citations by year
- 2026: 22 · 2025: 38 · 2024: 34 · 2023: 34 · 2022: 44 · 2021: 37 · 2020: 43 · 2019: 38 · 2018: 21
- FWCI
- 13.69
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- arxiv.org
- Locations
- Journal of Lightwave Technology (publishedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
- ENLIGHTEN (Jurnal Bimbingan dan Konseling Islam) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, public-domain)
- arXiv (Cornell University)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics › Orbital Angular Momentum in Optics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Quantum Information and Cryptography
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Acoustics and Ultrasonics › Random lasers and scattering media
- Keywords
- vector vortex beams, structured light, orbital angular momentum, free-space propagation, optical fiber propagation, probabilistic detection, quantum communication, classical communication
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