A 128 Gb/s PAM4 Silicon Microring Modulator With Integrated Thermo-Optic Resonance Tuning
Open accessAbstract
We report the first demonstration of a silicon photonic microring modulator with modulation data rate up to 128 Gb/s (64 Gbaud PAM4). The microring modulator exhibits an electro-optic phase efficiency of Vπ· L = 0.52 V·cm, an electro-optic bandwidth of 50 GHz, and a measured transmitter dispersion eye closure quaternary of 3.0 dB at this data rate. In addition, the resonant wavelength of the microring modulator can be tuned across a full free spectral range using an integrated heater with a thermo-optic phase efficiency of 19.5 mW/π-phase shift.
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All modulators suffer from a tradeoff between FoMefficiency and E/O BW.
“All modulators suffer from a tradeoff between FoMefficiency and E/O BW49–51.”
From Roadmapping the next generation of silicon photonics (2024) · cites this paper as [50]
The Microring Modulator Design section describes a design tradeoff: heavier doping increases optical bandwidth but reduces modulation amplitude, while improving EO phase efficiency. The High Speed Characterization section also discusses tradeoffs at different bandwidths. These passages concern silicon microring modulators and do not establish that all modulators suffer a tradeoff specifically between efficiency FoM and E/O bandwidth; page numbers were not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.83)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredFor MRMs, the loss due to α becomes less critical.
“For MRMs, which are very compact, the loss due to α becomes less critical50”
From Roadmapping the next generation of silicon photonics (2024) · cites this paper as [50]
APDs also need to be biased optimally and stabilized for temperature and voltage drift, but that is less challenging than what has already been demonstrated for microring circuits.
“APDs also need to be biased optimally and stabilized for temperature and voltage drift, but that is less challenging117 than what has already been demonstrated for microring circuits50.”
From Roadmapping the next generation of silicon photonics (2024) · cites this paper as [50]
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Ultra-compact silicon modulator with 110 GHz bandwidth
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Energy Efficiency Analysis of Comb Source Carrier-Injection Ring-Based Silicon Photonic Link
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High Bandwidth Capacitance Efficient Silicon MOS Modulator
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A 112 Gb/s PAM4 Transmitter with Silicon Photonics Microring Modulator and CMOS Driver
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Compact wavelength- and bandwidth-tunable microring modulator
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Self-citationTheoretical Analysis of Energy Efficiency and Bandwidth Limit of Silicon Photonic Modulators
Li, E., & Wang, A. X. (2019) · Journal of Lightwave Technology · doi:10.1109/jlt.2019.2939775 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
DAC-Less PAM-4 Slow-Light Silicon Photonic Modulator Providing High Efficiency and Stability
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Ultrafast coherent dynamics of microring modulators
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High-Speed Femto-Joule per Bit Silicon-Conductive Oxide Nanocavity Modulator
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O-Band Silicon Photonic Transmitters for Datacom and Computercom Interconnects
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Highly Integrated 4 Tbps Silicon Photonic IC for Compute Fabric Connectivity
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Highly efficient fiber to Si waveguide free-form coupler for foundry-scale silicon photonics
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Silicon Photonic Flex-LIONS for Reconfigurable Multi-GPU Systems
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High-bandwidth Si/In2O3 hybrid plasmonic waveguide modulator
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Photonic computing to accelerate data processing in wireless communications
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Modulators in Silicon Photonics—Heterogenous Integration & and Beyond
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SqueezeLight: A Multi-Operand Ring-Based Optical Neural Network With Cross-Layer Scalability
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Peta-Scale Embedded Photonics Architecture for Distributed Deep Learning Applications
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Design Considerations for Energy Efficient DWDM PAM4 Transceivers Employing Avalanche Photodiodes
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Large-signal SPICE model for depletion-type silicon ring modulators
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Efficiency-Speed Tradeoff in Slow-Light Silicon Photonic Modulators
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Ultra‐Low‐Loss Slow‐Light Thin‐Film Lithium Niobate Optical Modulator
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- Authors
- Sun, J., Kumar, R., Sakib, M., Driscoll, J. B., Jayatilleka, H., & Rong, H.
- Affiliations
- Intel (United States) (US)
- Venue
- Journal of Lightwave Technology
- Published
- 2019-01-01
- Volume
- 37
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 110-115
- ISSN
- 0733-8724 (ISSN-L)
- 1558-2213
- OpenAlex
- W2898151429
- Cited by
- 292
- References
- 17
- Citations by year
- 2026: 21 · 2025: 51 · 2024: 46 · 2023: 34 · 2022: 50 · 2021: 35 · 2020: 37 · 2019: 17 · 2018: 1
- FWCI
- 8.59
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Lightwave Technology (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Intel Corporation
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Photonic and Optical Devices
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Advanced Photonic Communication Systems
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Optical Network Technologies
- Keywords
- silicon microring resonator, electro-optic modulator, PAM4 modulation, thermo-optic tuning, integrated heater, electro-optic bandwidth, high-speed optical transmitter, free spectral range tuning
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