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A mm-Sized Implantable Medical Device (IMD) With Ultrasonic Power Transfer and a Hybrid Bi-Directional Data Link
Abstract
A first proof-of-concept mm-sized implantable device using ultrasonic power transfer and a hybrid bi-directional data communication link is presented. Ultrasonic power transfer enables miniaturization of the implant and operation deep inside the body, while still achieving safe and high power levels (100 μW to a few mWs) required for most implant applications. The current implant prototype measures 4 mm ×7.8 mm and is comprised of a piezoelectric receiver, an IC designed in 65 nm CMOS process and an off-chip antenna. The IC can support a maximum DC load of 100 μW for an incident acoustic intensity that is ~ 5% of the FDA diagnostic limit. This demonstrates the feasibility of providing further higher available DC power, potentially opening up new implant applications. The proposed hybrid bi-directional data link consists of ultrasonic downlink and RF uplink. Falling edge of the ultrasound input is detected as downlink data. The implant transmits an ultra-wideband (UWB) pulse sequence as uplink data, demonstrating capability of implementing an energy-efficient M-ary PPM transmitter in the future.
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“This implant supported a DC load up to 100 μW, suggesting the feasibility for higher available DC power levels between 100 μW to a few mWs (Charthad et al., 2015).”
From Comparative analysis of energy transfer mechanisms for neural implants (2024) · cites this paper as Charthad et al., 2015
In the citing paper
“For example researchers at Stanford University featured an implant with dimensions of 4 mm × 7.8 mm that operated at an incident acoustic intensity within 5% of the FDA diagnostic limit.”
From Comparative analysis of energy transfer mechanisms for neural implants (2024) · cites this paper as Charthad et al., 2015
In the citing paper
“This implant supported a DC load up to 100 μW, suggesting the feasibility for higher available DC power levels between 100 μW to a few mWs (Charthad et al., 2015).”
From Comparative analysis of energy transfer mechanisms for neural implants (2024) · cites this paper as Charthad et al., 2015
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“[4] used ultrasonic power transfer function to achieve safe and higher power level even though the chip is operating in deep inside body.”
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Kampianakis, E., Sharma, A., Arenas, J., & Reynolds, M. S. (2017) · IEEE International Conference on RFID · doi:10.1109/rfid.2017.7945589 · Cited by 4
“A few examples in the literature include radio frequency (RF) modulated backscatter [7]–[9], backscatter of ultrasound [10] and impulse radio ultrawideband (IR-UWB) transmission [11].”
BackgroundA Current-Switching Technique for Intra-Body Communication With Miniaturized Electrodes
Wang, W., Pun, K., & Zhao, B. (2021) · IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems · doi:10.1109/tbcas.2021.3125422 · Cited by 3
Ballo, A., Grasso, A. D., & Privitera, M. (2023) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2023.3272504 · Cited by 3
“regulator is the most static power-consuming block [2], [3], [40], reaching amaximumPCE value up to 85% [4].”
BackgroundInfluentialConde, S. V., Sacramento, J. F., Zinno, C., Mazzoni, A., Micera, S., & Guarino, M. P. (2024) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2024.1378473 · Cited by 3
Power Harvesting and Data Exchange Links
Gil, B., Ip, H., & Yang, G. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-69748-2_7 · Cited by 3
Xing, N., & Rincón-Mora, G. A. (2020) · IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics · doi:10.1109/tii.2019.2910092 · Cited by 3
“D− O , D − G , D + O , and D + G are usually comparator-based MOSFET switches because they drop millivolts [15], [16].”
BackgroundInductive and ultrasonic wireless power transmission to biomedical implants
Ibrahim, A., Meng, M., & Kiani, M. (2017) · IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems proceedings · doi:10.1109/iscas.2017.8050939 · Cited by 3
Magnetoelectric (ME) Antenna for On-chip Implantable Energy Harvesting
Nasrollahpour, M., Zaeimbashi, M., Khalifa, A., Liang, X., Chen, H., Sun, N., Abrishami, S. M. S., Martos-Repath, I., Emam, S., Cash, S. S., et al. (2021) · Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC) · doi:10.1109/embc46164.2021.9629823 · Cited by 3
“Investigation of the acoustic waves for power delivery to the implants is also increasing considerably [3, 4].”
BackgroundA State of Art Review on Wireless Power Transmission Approaches for Implantable Medical DevicesPreprint
Haerinia, M. (2020) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2003.01240 · Cited by 3
“The usage of CMOS for WPT systems are presented in [16][17][18][19][15][20][21][22][23].”
MethodState-of-the-Art Technology on Highly Miniaturized Free-Floating Neural Implants
Khalifa, A., & Etienne‐Cummings, R. (2023) · Handbook of Neuroengineering · doi:10.1007/978-981-16-5540-1_114 · Cited by 3
Distributed Neural Interfaces: Challenges and Trends in Scaling Implantable Technology
Szostak, K. M., Feng, P., Mazza, F., & Constandinou, T. G. (2023) · Handbook of Neuroengineering · doi:10.1007/978-981-16-5540-1_11 · Cited by 2
Power Management Circuit Techniques for Miniature Biomedical Sensing Systems
Shim, M., Kim, D., Kim, J. T., Kim, M., Li, Y., Hamed, E. A., Wu, X. L., Peng, Y., Jeong, J., Jung, W., et al. (2026) · IEEE Open Journal of the Solid-State Circuits Society · doi:10.1109/ojsscs.2026.3655336 · Cited by 2
“Although fully wireless power delivery can enable extreme miniaturization [128], [129], [130], [131], [132], such systems cannot continuously monitor physiological signals without external equipment or disrupting daily life.”
Gourdouparis, M., Shi, C., Liu, J., He, Y., Stanzione, S., Serdijn, W. A., & Liu, Y. (2026) · Digest of technical papers/Digest of technical papers - IEEE International Solid-State Circuits Conference · doi:10.1109/isscc49663.2026.11409335 · Cited by 2
Olokede, S. S., & Paul, B. S. (2017) · Lecture notes on data engineering and communications technologies · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-67925-9_8 · Cited by 2
Ultrasonic Wireless Neural Recording and Stimulation Interfaces
Sonmezoglu, S., Shen, K., Carmena, J. M., & Maharbiz, M. M. (2023) · Handbook of Neuroengineering · doi:10.1007/978-981-16-5540-1_10 · Cited by 2
Karimi, M. J., Dehollain, C., & Schmid, A. (2024) · Electronics Letters · doi:10.1049/ell2.13274 · Cited by 2
Advances in Electronic Biosensors
Ghafar‐Zadeh, E., Forouhi, S., & Azadmousavi, T. (2024) · Analog circuits and signal processing/Analog circuits and signal processing series · doi:10.1007/978-94-007-0099-4_5 · Cited by 2
A Comparative Study of Advanced Techniques for Wireless Power Transfer to Miniature Medical Implants
Hosur, S., Nugmanuly, K., & Kiani, M. (2025) · IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems proceedings · doi:10.1109/iscas56072.2025.11043881 · Cited by 2
Neurotechnology for monitoring and restoring sensory, motor, and autonomic functions
Wu, P. C., Knaack, G. L., & Weber, D. J. (2016) · Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE · doi:10.1117/12.2222967 · Cited by 2
Meng, M., & Kiani, M. (2016) · Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC) · doi:10.1109/embc.2016.7591101 · Cited by 2
“parallel resonance frequency, at which the transducer impedance is real [10].”
BackgroundMethodDambrot, S. M. (2016) · Conference proceedings/Conference proceedings - IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics · doi:10.1109/smc.2016.7844860 · Cited by 3
“Recently, Jayant Charthad and his colleagues in Stanford University’s Arbabian Lab developed an implantable medical prototype [54] demonstrating properties described in the proposed neural dust subdural transceiver implant (Figs.”
MethodThe power of sound: miniaturized medical implants with ultrasonic links
Wang, M. L., Chang, T. C., Charthad, J., Weber, M. J., & Arbabian, A. (2017) · Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE · doi:10.1117/12.2263877 · Cited by 2
“Our first prototype harvests ultrasonic power and performs communication with a hybrid data link [21].”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationA mobile-enabled micro communication device for biosensing
Vuka, P., Behfarnia, A., & Eslami, A. (2017) · IEEE International Conference on Nanotechnology (IEEE-NANO) · doi:10.1109/nano.2017.8117401 · Cited by 2
“Acoustic waves are the transmission technology of choice for underwater communications, since they are known to propagate better than their RF counterpart in a medium composed mainly of water [25, 26, 27].”
BackgroundThermal analysis of ultrasound-powered miniaturized implants: A tissue-phantom study
Walden, C., Soneson, J. E., Weber, M. J., Charthad, J., Chang, T. C., Arbabian, A., & Myers, M. R. (2018) · The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America · doi:10.1121/1.5040470 · Cited by 3
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Charthad, J., Weber, M. J., Chang, T. C., & Arbabian, A.
- Affiliations
- Stanford University (US)
- Venue
- IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits
- Published
- 2015-08
- Volume
- 50
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 1741-1753
- ISSN
- 0018-9200 (ISSN-L)
- 1558-173X
- OpenAlex
- W1583855207
- Cited by
- 245
- References
- 40
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 22 · 2023: 23 · 2022: 20 · 2021: 31 · 2020: 31 · 2019: 20 · 2018: 27 · 2017: 24 · 2016: 17 · 2015: 2
- FWCI
- 11.61
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Wireless Body Area Networks
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Wireless Power Transfer Systems
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Radio Frequency Integrated Circuit Design
- Keywords
- biomedical implants, ultrasonic power transfer, piezoelectric receiver, M-ary pulse position modulation, energy-efficient transmitter, 65 nm CMOS, device miniaturization
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