Experimental validation of dual PPG local pulse wave velocity probe
Abstract
A novel dual photoplethysmograph (PPG) probe and measurement system for local pulse wave velocity (PWV) is proposed and demonstrated. The developed probe design employs reflectance PPG transducers for non-invasive detection of blood pulse propagation waveforms from two adjacent measurement points (28 mm apart). Transit time delay between the continuously acquired dual pulse waveform was used for beat-to-beat local PWV measurement. An in-vivo experimental validation study was conducted on 10 healthy volunteers (8 male and 2 female, 21 to 33 years of age) to validate the PPG probe design and developed local PWV measurement system. The proposed system was able to measure carotid local PWV from multiple subjects. Beat-to-beat variation of baseline carotid PWV was less than 7.5% for 7 out of 10 subjects, a maximum beat-to-beat variation of 16% was observed during the study. Variation in beat-to-beat carotid local PWV and brachial blood pressure (BP) values during post-exercise recovery period was also examined. A statistically significant correlation between intra-subject local PWV variation and brachial BP parameters was observed (r > 0.85, p <; 0.001). The results demonstrated the feasibility of proposed PPG probe for continuous beat-to-beat local PWV measurement from the carotid artery. Such a non-invasive local PWV measurement unit can be potentially used for continuous ambulatory BP measurements.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
PTT, used to determine PWV and estimate blood pressure without a cuff, requires extraction of the time delay from two PPG waveforms or from an ECG and PPG waveform.
“Additionally, some parameters in the literature such as pulse transit time (PTT), which is used to determine pulse wave velocity (PWV) and estimate blood pressure without a cuff, requires extraction of the time delay from two PPG waveforms or from an ECG and PPG waveform [31,32].”
From Sources of inaccuracy in photoplethysmography for continuous cardiovascular monitoring (2021) · cites this paper as [32]
Cites
Expert consensus document on arterial stiffness: methodological issues and clinical applications
Laurent, S., Cockcroft, J., Van Bortel, L., Boutouyrie, P., Giannattasio, C., Hayoz, D., Pannier, B., Vlachopoulos, C., Wilkinson, I., Struijker-Boudier, H., et al. (2006) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehl254 · Cited by 6,077 · see citing works
Toward ubiquitous blood pressure monitoring via pulse transit time: Theory and practice
Mukkamala, R., Hahn, J.-O., Inan, O. T., Mestha, L. K., Kim, C.-S., Toreyin, H., & Kyal, S. (2015) · IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1109/tbme.2015.2441951 · Cited by 935 · see citing works
Determination of pulse wave velocities with computerized algorithms
Chiu, Y. C., Arand, P. W., Shroff, S. G., Feldman, T. E., & Carroll, J. D. (1991) · American Heart Journal · doi:10.1016/0002-8703(91)90153-9 · Cited by 313 · see citing works
Rajzer, M. W., Wojciechowska, W., Klocek, M., Palka, I., Brzozowska-Kiszka, M., & Kawecka−Jaszcz, K. (2008) · Journal of Hypertension · doi:10.1097/hjh.0b013e32830a4a25 · Cited by 308 · see citing works
Salvi, P., Lio, G., Labat, C., Ricci, E., Pannier, B., & Bénétos, A. (2004) · Journal of Hypertension · doi:10.1097/00004872-200412000-00010 · Cited by 296 · see citing works
Novel Methods for Pulse Wave Velocity Measurement
Pereira, T., Correia, C. M. B. A., & Cardoso, J. M. R. (2015) · Journal of Medical and Biological Engineering · doi:10.1007/s40846-015-0086-8 · Cited by 284 · see citing works
Review of MRI-based measurements of pulse wave velocity: a biomarker of arterial stiffness.
Wentland, A. L., Grist, T. M., & Wieben, O. E. (2014) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · doi:10.3978/j.issn.2223-3652.2014.03.04 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
An ultrasound-based method for determining pulse wave velocity in superficial arteries
Rabben, S. I., Stergiopulos, N., Hellevik, L. R., Smiseth, O. A., Slørdahl, S. A., Urheim, S., & Angelsen, B. (2004) · Journal of Biomechanics · doi:10.1016/j.jbiomech.2003.12.031 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
Davies, J. E., Whinnett, Z. I., Francis, D. P., Willson, K., Foale, R. A., Malik, I. S., Hughes, A. D., Parker, K. H., & Mayet, J. (2005) · American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpheart.00751.2005 · Cited by 154 · see citing works
Comparative study of methodologies for pulse wave velocity estimation
Salvi, P., Magnani, E., Valbusa, F., Agnoletti, D., Alecu, C., Joly, L., & Benetos, A. (2008) · Journal of Human Hypertension · doi:10.1038/jhh.2008.42 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
van der Meer, R. W., Diamant, M., Westenberg, J. J. M., Doornbos, J., Bax, J. J., Roos, A., & Lamb, H. J. (2007) · Journal of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance · doi:10.1080/10976640601093703 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Vappou, J., Luo, J., Okajima, K., Tullio, M. R. D., & Konofagou, E. E. (2011) · Artery Research · doi:10.1016/j.artres.2011.03.002 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Pulse wave velocity in the carotid artery
Sørensen, G. L., Jensen, J. B., Udesen, J., Holfort, I. K., & Jensen, J. A. (2008) · Proceedings/Proceedings - IEEE Ultrasonics Symposium · doi:10.1109/ultsym.2008.0336 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Potentials and Pitfalls of Local PWV Measurements
Hermeling, E., Reesink, K. D., Hoeks, A. P. G., & Reneman, R. S. (2010) · American Journal of Hypertension · doi:10.1038/ajh.2010.123 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Local Pulse Wave Velocity Estimation in the Carotids Using Dynamic MR Sequences
Darwich, M. A., Langevin, F., & Darwich, K. M. A. (2015) · Journal of Biomedical Science and Engineering · doi:10.4236/jbise.2015.84022 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Sources of inaccuracy in photoplethysmography for continuous cardiovascular monitoring
Fine, J., Branan, K. L., Rodriguez, A. J., Boonya-ananta, T., Ajmal, Ramella-Roman, J. C., McShane, M. J., & Coté, G. L. (2021) · Biosensors · doi:10.3390/bios11040126 · Cited by 348 · see citing works
Local Pulse Wave Velocity: Theory, Methods, Advancements, and Clinical Applications
Nabeel, P. M., Kiran, V. R., Joseph, J., Abhidev, V. V., & Sivaprakasam, M. (2019) · IEEE Reviews in Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1109/rbme.2019.2931587 · Cited by 158 · see citing works
Self-citationNabeel, P. M., Karthik, S., Joseph, J., & Sivaprakasam, M. (2018) · IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement · doi:10.1109/tim.2018.2800539 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Self-citationMoscato, S., Giudice, S. L., Massaro, G., & Chiari, L. (2022) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s22155831 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Byfield, R., Miller, M., Miles, J., Guidoboni, G., & Lin, J. (2021) · IEEE Sensors Journal · doi:10.1109/jsen.2021.3134890 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
A novel angle extremum maximum method for recognition of pulse wave feature points
Hou, J., Zhang, Y., Zhang, S., Geng, X., Zhang, J., Chen, C., & Zhang, H. (2020) · Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine · doi:10.1016/j.cmpb.2020.105321 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Study of Cardiorespiratory and Sweat Monitoring Wearable Architecture for Coal Mine Workers
Sarkar, S., Ghosh, A., & Ghosh, S. S. (2020) · IEEE Region 10 Conference (TENCON) · doi:10.1109/tencon50793.2020.9293818 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Li, D., Xu, Y., & Gao, W. (2023) · Biomedical Signal Processing and Control · doi:10.1016/j.bspc.2023.105156 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Design of Magnetic Sensor Based All-in-One Cardiorespiratory Health Monitoring System
Sarkar, S. (2020) · Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC) · doi:10.1109/embc44109.2020.9176550 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Evaluation of a dual-PPG system for pulse transit time monitoring
Lubin, M., Gerbelot, R., Prada, R., Porcherot, J., & Bonnet, S. (2021) · Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC) · doi:10.1109/embc46164.2021.9630814 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Remote physiological monitoring of neck blood vessels with a high-speed camera
Cao, M., Saiko, G., & Douplik, A. (2025) · Advanced Optical Technologies · doi:10.3389/aot.2025.1536415 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
George, N. R., Manoj, R., Kiran, R. V., Ponkalaivani, S., Nabeel, P. M., Sivaprakasam, M., & Joseph, J. (2023) · Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC) · doi:10.1109/embc40787.2023.10340601 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Self-citationA Photoplethysmographic Monitor for Local Pulse Wave Velocity Measurement
Matheus, P., Antonio, W., Pedro, H., & Talles, M. (2020) · International Journal of Computer Applications · doi:10.5120/ijca2020919811 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Extreme Illuminated Vision Processing with a Graded Alloyed Perovskite In-sensor Computing Network
Zhan, Z., Lu, Y., Zheng, Y., Pang, N., Zheng, Y., Lin, D., Li, H., Li, W., Chen, J., Shi, T., et al. (2026) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-026-71638-y · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Ishwary, S., Shankar, M., Kiran, V. R., Nabeel, P. M., & Joseph, J. (2023) · IEEE International Symposium on Medical Measurements and Applications (MeMeA) · doi:10.1109/memea57477.2023.10171895 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citationRemote physiological monitoring of neck blood vessels
Cao, M., Saiko, G., Burton, T., & Douplik, A. (2023) · Optics and Photonics for Information Processing · doi:10.1117/12.2680679 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Pulse Wave Velocity Doppler Measurement of Ulnar Artery Using a High-Frequency Probe
Benchemoul, M., Savéry, D., Géhin, C., Massot, B., Férin, G., Vince, P., & Flesch, M. (2022) · IEEE International Ultrasonics Symposium · doi:10.1109/ius54386.2022.9958322
Hardware Implementation of Bio-Signal Processing Algorithms for Heart Rate Monitoring
Sivaraj, D., Dhayanithi, G., Anupriya, N., & Balavenkateshan, I. (2023) · International Conference on Advances in Computational Intelligence and Communication (ICACIC) · doi:10.1109/icacic59454.2023.10435238
Ishwarya, S., Kiran, R. V., Manoj, R., Nabeel, P. M., & Joseph, J. (2024) · IEEE International Symposium on Medical Measurements and Applications (MeMeA) · doi:10.1109/memea60663.2024.10596728
Self-citationMotion Artefact’s Tolerant Hybrid Deep Learning-based Artery wall tracking
Gupta, A. K., Shanthakumar, S., Ajay, C., Kiran, V. R., & Joseph, J. (2026) · IEEE International Symposium on Medical Measurements and Applications (MeMeA) · doi:10.1109/memea69746.2026.11537315
Self-citation
- Authors
- Nabeel, P. M., Karthik, S., Joseph, J., & Sivaprakasam, M.
- Affiliations
- Indian Institute of Technology Madras (IN)
- Venue
- 2017 IEEE International Symposium on Medical Measurements and Applications (MeMeA)
- Publisher
- IEEE
- Published
- 2017-05
- Pages
- 408-413
- OpenAlex
- W2736855906
- Cited by
- 20
- References
- 15
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 1
- FWCI
- 3.26
- Type
- conference paper
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- IEEE International Symposium on Medical Measurements and Applications (MeMeA) (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Non-Invasive Vital Sign Monitoring
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiovascular Health and Disease Prevention
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Heart Rate Variability and Autonomic Control
- Keywords
- pulse wave velocity, photoplethysmography, carotid artery, brachial blood pressure, post-exercise recovery, ambulatory blood pressure monitoring
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
