The DOI matches its Crossref record; 94 of the 98 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Safe for Generations to Come: Considerations of Safety for Millimeter Waves in Wireless Communications
Open accessAbstract
With the increasing demand for higher data rates and more reliable service capabilities for wireless devices, wireless service providers are facing an unprecedented challenge to overcome a global bandwidth shortage. Early global activities on beyond fourth-generation (B4G) and fifth-generation (5G) wireless communication systems suggest that millimeter-wave (mmWave) frequencies are very promising for future wireless communication networks due to the massive amount of raw bandwidth and potential multigigabit-per-second (Gb/s) data rates [1]?[3]. Both industry and academia have begun the exploration of the untapped mmWave frequency spectrum for future broadband mobile communication networks. In April 2014, the Brooklyn 5G Summit [4], sponsored by Nokia and the New York University (NYU) WIRELESS research center, drew global attention to mmWave communications and channel modeling. In July 2014, the IEEE 802.11 next-generation 60-GHz study group was formed to increase the data rates to over 20 Gb/s in the unlicensed 60-GHz frequency band while maintaining backward compatibility with the emerging IEEE 802.11ad wireless local area network (WLAN) standard [5].
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“Previous reviews have reported studies investigating frequencies above 6 GHz that show effects although many of the reported effects occurred at levels greater than the ICNIRP guidelines [1, 8].”
From 5G mobile networks and health—a state-of-the-science review of the research into low-level RF fields above 6 GHz (2021) · cites this paper as [1]
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“SAR values much higher than the ICNIRP guidelines are certainly capable of producing significant temperature rise and are far beyond the levels expected for 5 G telecommunication devices [1].”
From 5G mobile networks and health—a state-of-the-science review of the research into low-level RF fields above 6 GHz (2021) · cites this paper as [1]
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Citations
Cites
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
Next generation 5G wireless networks: a comprehensive survey
Agiwal, M., Roy, A., & Saxena, N. (2016) · IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials · doi:10.1109/comst.2016.2532458 · Cited by 3,444
“Nonionizing and thermal characteristic of mm-waves for safety concerns is analyzed in [66].”
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“…includes ultraviolet, x-rays, galactic radiation, and gamma-rays, is dangerous since it is known to have sufficiently high particle energy to dislodge electrons and create free-radicals that can lead to cancer [11], [12] and is believed to be a major health risk for interplanetary travel [12], [13].”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationModeling and Analyzing Millimeter Wave Cellular Systems
Andrews, J. G., Bai, T., Kulkarni, M. N., Alkhateeb, A., Gupta, A. K., & Heath, R. W. (2016) · IEEE Transactions on Communications · doi:10.1109/tcomm.2016.2618794 · Cited by 799
“The biological impact of mmWave radiation has also been further studied in [50] and [51].”
BackgroundMillimeter-Wave Massive MIMO Communication for Future Wireless Systems: A Survey
Busari, S. A., Huq, K. M. S., Mumtaz, S., Dai, L., & Rodríguez, J. (2017) · IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials · doi:10.1109/comst.2017.2787460 · Cited by 763
“[212] concluded that both the eyes and the skin”
BackgroundHemadeh, I., Satyanarayana, K., El‐Hajjar, M., & Hanzo, L. (2017) · IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials · doi:10.1109/comst.2017.2783541 · Cited by 715
Metadata
- Authors
- Wu, T., Rappaport, T. S., & Collins, C. M.
- Affiliations
- New York University (US)
- NYU Langone Health (US)
- Venue
- IEEE Microwave Magazine
- Published
- 2015-03
- Volume
- 16
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 65-84
- ISSN
- 1527-3342 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4629874
- OpenAlex
- W2029468290
- Cited by
- 243
- References
- 98
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 25 · 2023: 28 · 2022: 24 · 2021: 28 · 2020: 32 · 2019: 22 · 2018: 25 · 2017: 25 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 3
- FWCI
- 10.75
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- IEEE Microwave Magazine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (P41EB017183)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Millimeter-Wave Propagation and Modeling
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Biophysics › Electromagnetic Fields and Biological Effects
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Microwave Engineering and Waveguides
- Keywords
- millimeter-wave communication, 60 GHz, IEEE 802.11ad, 5G, unlicensed spectrum, wireless local area networks, data rate requirements
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