Cited by 880Hearing Loss and RehabilitationNeuroscience and Neural EngineeringSpeech and Audio Processing

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Cochlear Implants: System Design, Integration, and Evaluation

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Zeng, Fan-Gang, Rebscher, Stephen, Harrison, William, Sun, Xiaoan, Feng, Haihong·2008·IEEE Reviews in Biomedical Engineering

DOI 10.1109/rbme.2008.2008250PMC PMC2782849

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Abstract

As the most successful neural prosthesis, cochlear implants have provided partial hearing to more than 120000 persons worldwide; half of which being pediatric users who are able to develop nearly normal language. Biomedical engineers have played a central role in the design, integration and evaluation of the cochlear implant system, but the overall success is a result of collaborative work with physiologists, psychologists, physicians, educators, and entrepreneurs. This review presents broad yet in-depth academic and industrial perspectives on the underlying research and ongoing development of cochlear implants. The introduction accounts for major events and advances in cochlear implants, including dynamic interplays among engineers, scientists, physicians, and policy makers. The review takes a system approach to address critical issues in cochlear implant research and development. First, the cochlear implant system design and specifications are laid out. Second, the design goals, principles, and methods of the subsystem components are identified from the external speech processor and radio frequency transmission link to the internal receiver, stimulator and electrode arrays. Third, system integration and functional evaluation are presented with respect to safety, reliability, and challenges facing the present and future cochlear implant designers and users. Finally, issues beyond cochlear implants are discussed to address treatment options for the entire spectrum of hearing impairment as well as to use the cochlear implant as a model to design and evaluate other similar neural prostheses such as vestibular and retinal implants.

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Introduction
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Authors: Zeng, F.-G., Rebscher, S., Harrison, W., Sun, X., & Feng, H.
Affiliations: University of California, Irvine (US)
University of California, San Francisco (US)
Silere Med. Technol., Inc., Kirkland, WA
Nurotron Biotechnol. Inc., Irvine, CA
Chinese Academy of Sciences (CN)
Corresponding author: Zeng, Fan-Gang
ORCID: Zeng, Fan-Gang
Sun, Xiaoan
Venue: IEEE Reviews in Biomedical Engineering
Publisher: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
Published: 2008
Volume: 1
Pages: 115-142
ISSN: 1937-3333 (ISSN-L)
1941-1189
DOI: 10.1109/rbme.2008.2008250
PMC: PMC2782849
OpenAlex: W2112854909
Cited by: 878
References: 227
Citations by year: 2026: 60 · 2025: 75 · 2024: 65 · 2023: 62 · 2022: 57 · 2021: 79 · 2020: 69 · 2019: 70 · 2018: 50 · 2017: 48 · 2016: 44 · 2015: 39 · 2014: 43 · 2013: 40 · 2012: 27
FWCI: 1.24
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Licence: ieeexplore.ieee.org/Xplorehelp/downloads/license-information/IEEE.html (vor)
doi.org/10.15223/policy-029 (stm-asf)
doi.org/10.15223/policy-037 (stm-asf)
Locations: IEEE Reviews in Biomedical Engineering (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders: National Institutes of Health (HHS-N-263-2007-00054-C, 5r01dc008858-05)
U.S. Public Health Service (HHSN-263-2007-00054C)
National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (P30DC008369, HHSN263200700054C, R01-DC008858, R01DC002267)
Topics: Health Sciences › Health Professions › Speech and Hearing › Hearing Loss and Rehabilitation
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neural Engineering
Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Signal Processing › Speech and Audio Processing
Keywords: cochlear implants, neural prostheses, hearing loss, system design, radio frequency transmission, stimulator, electrode arrays, system integration, safety and reliability, functional assessment, pediatric cochlear implant users, vestibular implant, retinal prosthesis
MeSH terms: Animals, Cochlear Implants, Humans, Prosthesis Design

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Cochlear Implants: System Design, Integration, and Evaluation

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