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Cochlear Implants: System Design, Integration, and Evaluation
Open accessAbstract
As the most successful neural prosthesis, cochlear implants have provided partial hearing to more than 120000 persons worldwide; half of which being pediatric users who are able to develop nearly normal language. Biomedical engineers have played a central role in the design, integration and evaluation of the cochlear implant system, but the overall success is a result of collaborative work with physiologists, psychologists, physicians, educators, and entrepreneurs. This review presents broad yet in-depth academic and industrial perspectives on the underlying research and ongoing development of cochlear implants. The introduction accounts for major events and advances in cochlear implants, including dynamic interplays among engineers, scientists, physicians, and policy makers. The review takes a system approach to address critical issues in cochlear implant research and development. First, the cochlear implant system design and specifications are laid out. Second, the design goals, principles, and methods of the subsystem components are identified from the external speech processor and radio frequency transmission link to the internal receiver, stimulator and electrode arrays. Third, system integration and functional evaluation are presented with respect to safety, reliability, and challenges facing the present and future cochlear implant designers and users. Finally, issues beyond cochlear implants are discussed to address treatment options for the entire spectrum of hearing impairment as well as to use the cochlear implant as a model to design and evaluate other similar neural prostheses such as vestibular and retinal implants.
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Metadata
- Authors
- Zeng, F.-G., Rebscher, S., Harrison, W., Sun, X., & Feng, H.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Irvine (US)
- University of California, San Francisco (US)
- Silere Med. Technol., Inc., Kirkland, WA
- Nurotron Biotechnol. Inc., Irvine, CA
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (CN)
- Corresponding author
- Zeng, Fan-Gang
- Venue
- IEEE Reviews in Biomedical Engineering
- Published
- 2008
- Volume
- 1
- Pages
- 115-142
- ISSN
- 1937-3333 (ISSN-L)
- 1941-1189
- PMC
- PMC2782849
- OpenAlex
- W2112854909
- Cited by
- 878
- References
- 227
- Citations by year
- 2026: 60 · 2025: 75 · 2024: 65 · 2023: 62 · 2022: 57 · 2021: 79 · 2020: 69 · 2019: 70 · 2018: 50 · 2017: 48 · 2016: 44 · 2015: 39 · 2014: 43 · 2013: 40 · 2012: 27
- FWCI
- 1.24
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Licence
- Locations
- IEEE Reviews in Biomedical Engineering (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (HHS-N-263-2007-00054-C, 5r01dc008858-05)
- U.S. Public Health Service (HHSN-263-2007-00054C)
- National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (P30DC008369, HHSN263200700054C, R01-DC008858, R01DC002267)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › Speech and Hearing › Hearing Loss and Rehabilitation
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neural Engineering
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Signal Processing › Speech and Audio Processing
- Keywords
- cochlear implants, neural prostheses, hearing loss, system design, radio frequency transmission, stimulator, electrode arrays, system integration, safety and reliability, functional assessment, pediatric cochlear implant users, vestibular implant, retinal prosthesis
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Cochlear Implants, Humans, Prosthesis Design
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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