The DOI matches its Crossref record; 25 of the 27 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Multichannel Reflective PPG Earpiece Sensor With Passive Motion Cancellation
Abstract
This paper addresses the design considerations of a novel earpiece photoplethymograph (PPG) sensor and its in-situ evaluation results. The device is encapsulated with multiple LEDs and photodiodes based on a reflective PPG design. A compact and low power circuitry was developed for signal control and conditioning. PPG signals with an averaged ac/dc ratio of 0.001-0.01 and 10% relative strength (compared to finger-based approach) were recorded from the superior and posterior auricular skins. The integrity of PPG signal and accuracy of heart rate detection were evaluated and the results showed that with adequate optical shielding and the proposed passive motion cancellation, the device was able to reliably detect heart rate both during rest and moderate exercise. The proposed sensor design is low power, easy to wear compared to conventional earlobe PPG devices.
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“This method was found to be effective in shielding from noise due to ambient light, as the DC level of the PPG signal was considerably low (measured to be less than 2 nA) when the LEDs were switched off.”
From Sources of inaccuracy in photoplethysmography for continuous cardiovascular monitoring (2021) · cites this paper as [200]
Citations
Cites
Yang, G. (2006) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/1-84628-484-8 · Cited by 569
Drake, R. L., Vogl, A. W., & Mitchell, A. W. (2004) · Cited by 512
THE BLOOD SUPPLY OF VARIOUS SKIN AREAS AS ESTIMATED BY THE PHOTOELECTRIC PLETHYSMOGRAPH
Hertzman, A. B. (1938) · American Journal of Physiology-Legacy Content · doi:10.1152/ajplegacy.1938.124.2.328 · Cited by 460
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Artifact-resistant power-efficient design of finger-ring plethysmographic sensors
Rhee, S., Yang, B.-H., & Asada, H. H. (2001) · IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1109/10.930904 · Cited by 235
Obituary: Yukio Mano (1943–2004)
Ikoma, K. (2005) · Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1186/1743-0003-2-1 · Cited by 173
Reduction of motion artifact in pulse oximetry by smoothed pseudo Wigner-Ville distribution
Yan, Y. S., Poon, C. C. Y., & Zhang, Y. (2005) · Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1186/1743-0003-2-3 · Cited by 157
Pulse oximetry in the oesophagus
Kyriacou, P. A. (2005) · Physiological Measurement · doi:10.1088/0967-3334/27/1/r01 · Cited by 91
Design of filter to reject motion artifact of pulse oximetry
Lee, J., Jung, W.-G., Kang, I., Kim, Y., & Lee, G.-K. (2003) · Computer Standards & Interfaces · doi:10.1016/s0920-5489(03)00077-1 · Cited by 91
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2 of the 27 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Celka, Motion resistant earphone located infrared based heart rate measurement device, 582
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Wearable Healthcare Monitoring System for Remote Areas
Warbhe, S. N., & Karmore, S. P. (2015) · IJSRD : international journal for scientific research and development
The Application of a Piezo-Resistive Cardiorespiratory Sensor System in an Automobile
Hamdani, S. T. A., Fernando, A., & Potluri, P. (2014) · International Electronic Conference on Sensors and Applications (ECSA) · doi:10.3390/ecsa-1-g001
Automatic Car Control For Arrhythmias
Subha, B., G, J. V., Prema, S., Anusha, K., Valsaraj, V., & Anupriya, K. (2014)
Prevention of Accidents while Drunken Driving
(2016) · International Journal of Research Studies in Electrical and Electronics Engineering · doi:10.20431/2454-9436.0203004
Recent Trends in Wearable Device Technology for Health State Monitoring
Ruby, E. D. K., Janani, P., Mahalakshmi, V. J., Sathyasri, B., & Chinnaiyan, V. K. (2021) · Advances in computational intelligence and robotics book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-7998-6870-5.ch009
Hardware and Algorithmic Approaches to Combat Motion Artifacts in Photoplethysmographic Data
Han, D., Mohagheghian, F., & Chon, K. H. (2022) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-822548-6.00135-7
Liao, S., Liu, H., Zheng, D., & Chen, F. (2023) · Asia-Pacific Signal and Information Processing Association Annual Summit and Conference (APSIPA ASC) · doi:10.1109/apsipaasc58517.2023.10317481
A Comprehensive PPG-based Dataset for HR/HRV Studies
Xu, J., Zhang, Y., Wang, W., Xie, M., & Zhu, D. K. (2025) · IEEE International Conference on Healthcare Informatics (ICHI) · doi:10.1109/ichi64645.2025.00042 · Cited by 6
Kodama, H., May, J. M., Nikkhah, D., & Kyriacou, P. A. (2025) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-8080454/v1
Miniatured In-Ear Sensor for Motion Artifact-Free Real-Time Vital Sign Monitoring
Kim, S., Park, H., Lee, M., Kim, H., Kim, J., Lee, J., Yang, Y., Lee, J., Choi, S.-M., Shin, W. H., et al. (2025) · IEEE Sensors Journal · doi:10.1109/jsen.2025.3641229
Přibil, J., Přibilová, A., & Dermek, T. (2025) · Bioengineering · doi:10.3390/bioengineering12121361
Kodama, H., May, J. M., Nikkhah, D., & Kyriacou, P. (2026) · Medical Engineering & Physics · doi:10.1088/1873-4030/ae7601
Kim, M.-H., & Kim, H.-J. (2013) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-40852-6_3
Metadata
- Authors
- Wang, L., Lo, B. P., & Yang, G.-Z.
- Affiliations
- Imperial College London (GB)
- Venue
- IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems
- Published
- 2007-12
- Volume
- 1
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 235-241
- ISSN
- 1932-4545 (ISSN-L)
- 1940-9990
- OpenAlex
- W2109125512
- Cited by
- 114
- References
- 27
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 4 · 2012: 4
- FWCI
- 4.30
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EP/E044298/1, EP/C547586/1)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Non-Invasive Vital Sign Monitoring
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Heart Rate Variability and Autonomic Control
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Advanced Sensor and Energy Harvesting Materials
- Keywords
- photoplethysmography, heartbeat detection, optical shielding, exercise monitoring
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