The DOI matches its Crossref record; 69 of the 70 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
A mm-Sized Wireless Implantable Device for Electrical Stimulation of Peripheral Nerves
Abstract
A wireless electrical stimulation implant for peripheral nerves, achieving >10× improvement over state of the art in the depth/volume figure of merit, is presented. The fully integrated implant measures just 2 mm × 3 mm × 6.5 mm (39 mm3, 78 mg), and operates at a large depth of 10.5 cm in a tissue phantom. The implant is powered using ultrasound and includes a miniaturized piezoelectric receiver (piezo), an IC designed in 180 nm HV BCD process, an off-chip energy storage capacitor, and platinum stimulation electrodes. The package also includes an optional blue light-emitting diode for potential applications in optogenetic stimulation in the future. A system-level design strategy for complete operation of the implant during the charging transient of the storage capacitor, as well as a unique downlink command/data transfer protocol, is presented. The implant enables externally programmable current-controlled stimulation of peripheral nerves, with a wide range of stimulation parameters, both for electrical (22 to 5000 μA amplitude, ~14 to 470 μs pulse-width, 0 to 60 Hz repetition rate) and optical (up to 23 mW/mm2optical intensity) stimulation. Additionally, the implant achieves 15 V compliance voltage for chronic applications. Full integration of the implant components, end-to-end in vitro system characterizations, and results for the electrical stimulation of a sciatic nerve, demonstrate the feasibility and efficacy of the proposed stimulator for peripheral nerves.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“This depth is significantly greater than what current technologies offer, and it maintains a wide range of stimulation parameters, from 22 to 5,000 μA in amplitude and 14 to 470 μs in pulse-width (Charthad et al., 2018).”
From Comparative analysis of energy transfer mechanisms for neural implants (2024) · cites this paper as Charthad et al., 2018
In the citing paper
“This depth is significantly greater than what current technologies offer, and it maintains a wide range of stimulation parameters, from 22 to 5,000 μA in amplitude and 14 to 470 μs in pulse-width (Charthad et al., 2018).”
From Comparative analysis of energy transfer mechanisms for neural implants (2024) · cites this paper as Charthad et al., 2018
In the citing paper
“In a subsequent study by the same group, an implant of 2 mm × 3 mm × 6.5 mm dimensions achieved a remarkable depth of operation—10.5 cm in a tissue phantom.”
From Comparative analysis of energy transfer mechanisms for neural implants (2024) · cites this paper as Charthad et al., 2018
In the citing paper
“Biphasic delivery of stimulus pulses is commonly achieved using a set of switches placed in a H-bridge structure. Each electrode operates as either a cathode or an anode from a single supply current, maximising flexibility and limiting the reliance on storage capacitors [57], [134].”
From Active Neural Interface Circuits and Systems for Selective Control of Peripheral Nerves: A Review (2024) · cites this paper as [57]
In the citing paper
“The resulting increase in headroom that limits voltage compliance is addressed by external biasing, such as in wide swing current mirrors [57] shown in Fig. 5(a).”
From Active Neural Interface Circuits and Systems for Selective Control of Peripheral Nerves: A Review (2024) · cites this paper as [57]
Citations
Cites
Neural Stimulation and Recording Electrodes
Cogan, S. F. (2008) · Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1146/annurev.bioeng.10.061807.160518 · Cited by 2,243
Comprehensive compilation of empirical ultrasonic properties of mammalian tissues
Goss, S. A., Johnston, R. L., & DUNN, F. L. (1978) · The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America · doi:10.1121/1.382016 · Cited by 1,126
Recruitment Patterns in Human Skeletal Muscle During Electrical Stimulation
Gregory, C. M., & Bickel, C. S. (2005) · Physical Therapy · doi:10.1093/ptj/85.4.358 · Cited by 615
Wirelessly powered, fully internal optogenetics for brain, spinal and peripheral circuits in mice
Montgomery, K. L., Yeh, A. J., Ho, J. S., Tsao, V., Mohan Iyer, S., Grosenick, L., Ferenczi, E. A., Tanabe, Y., Deisseroth, K., Delp, S. L., et al. (2015) · Nature Methods · doi:10.1038/nmeth.3536 · Cited by 565
Wireless Recording in the Peripheral Nervous System with Ultrasonic Neural Dust
Seo, D., Neely, R. M., Shen, K., Singhal, U., Alon, E., Rabaey, J. M., Carmena, J. M., & Maharbiz, M. M. (2016) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2016.06.034 · Cited by 557
A jump-start for electroceuticals
Famm, K., Litt, B., Tracey, K. J., Boyden, E. S., & Slaoui, M. (2013) · Nature · doi:10.1038/496159a · Cited by 554
Wireless power transfer to deep-tissue microimplants
Ho, J. S., Yeh, A. J., Neofytou, E., Kim, S., Tanabe, Y., Patlolla, B., Beygui, R. E., & Poon, A. S. Y. (2014) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1403002111 · Cited by 541
Shin, G., Gomez, A. M., Al-Hasani, R., Jeong, Y. R., Kim, J., Xie, Z., Banks, A., Lee, S. M., Han, S. Y., Yoo, C. J., et al. (2017) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2016.12.031 · Cited by 396
A Minimally Invasive 64-Channel Wireless μECoG Implant
Muller, R., Le, H., Li, W., Ledochowitsch, P., Gambini, S., Björninen, T., Koralek, A. C., Carmena, J. M., Maharbiz, M. M., Alon, E., et al. (2014) · IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits · doi:10.1109/jssc.2014.2364824 · Cited by 372
Charge Pump Circuits: An Overview on Design Strategies and Topologies
Palumbo, G., & Pappalardo, D. (2010) · IEEE Circuits and Systems Magazine · doi:10.1109/mcas.2009.935695 · Cited by 341
Flagged first, then by citations
1 of the 70 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 4
- zhou, 2009, Implantable Neural Prostheses 2 Techniques and Engineering Approaches
- chang, 0, A 30.5�mm3 fully packaged implantable device with duplex ultrasonic data and power links achieving 95�kb/s with <10?4 BER at 8.5 cm depth, Proc IEEE Int Solid-State Circuits Conf, 460
- yakovlev, 0, A 11 ?W sub-pJ/bit reconfigurable transceiver for�mm-sized wireless implants, Proc 2013 IEEE Custom Integrated Circuits Conf, 1
- lo, 0, A 176-channel 0.5 cm3 0.7 g wireless implant for motor function recovery after spinal cord injury, Proc IEEE Int Solid-State Circuits Conf, 382
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 201–229 of 229
Wireless Circuits and Systems: Energy-Neutral Links
Jia, Y., & Ghovanloo, M. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-6623-9_54-1
Talukdar, C., Hazarika, A., Singh, A., Das, N., & Bhuyan, M. (2020) · International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology · doi:10.35940/ijeat.c5157.029320
Design Considerations for Implantable Neural Circuits and Systems
Hsu, W.-Y., Hsieh, P.-H., & Chen, H. (2021) · Handbook of Neuroengineering · doi:10.1007/978-981-15-2848-4_19-1
Advances in High-Resolution, Miniaturized Bioelectrical Neural Interface Design
Nguyen, A. T., Xu, J., Wu, T., Luu, D. K., & Yang, Z. (2021) · Handbook of Neuroengineering · doi:10.1007/978-981-15-2848-4_23-2 · Cited by 1
Wireless Circuits and Systems: Energy-Neutral Links
Jia, Y., & Ghovanloo, M. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-3447-4_54
State-of-the-Art Technology on Highly Miniaturized Free-Floating Neural Implants
Khalifa, A., & Etienne‐Cummings, R. (2021) · Handbook of Neuroengineering · doi:10.1007/978-981-15-2848-4_114-1
Chien, J., Tsai, Y.-C., Baker, S. W., Gates, K. V., Arbabian, A., & Soh, H. T. (2023) · doi:10.36227/techrxiv.22223335.v1
Self-citationChien, J., Tsai, Y.-C., Baker, S. W., Gates, K. V., Arbabian, A., & Soh, H. T. (2023) · doi:10.36227/techrxiv.22223335
Self-citationOmori, T., Satō, F., Furuya, Y., & Sasaki, S. (2023) · AIP Advances · doi:10.1063/9.0000577
An Efficient Bi-Directional System with Reduced Switch Count for Wireless Charging in EV
Dabkara, M., Saravana Prakash, P., & Verma, A. K. (2023) · IEEE International Conference on Sustainable Energy and Future Electric Transportation (SEFET) · doi:10.1109/sefet57834.2023.10245854
Sánchez-Rojas, J. L. (2023) · Micromachines · doi:10.3390/mi14101862
Design of Integrated Voltage Multipliers Using Standard CMOS Technologies
Sinyukin, A. S., Георгиевич, К. Б., & Kovalev, A. V. (2023) · Russian Microelectronics · doi:10.1134/s1063739723700713
Design of integrated voltage multipliers using standard CMOS technologies
Sinyukin, A. S., Георгиевич, К. Б., & Kovalev, A. V. (2023) · Микроэлектроника · doi:10.31857/s0544126923600203
Takemae, Y., Torikai, H., Kudo, M., & Sone, K. (2024) · IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems proceedings · doi:10.1109/iscas58744.2024.10558229
On-Chip Active Pulse-Clamp Stimulation (APCS) for Rapid Recovery, Charge-Balanced Neural Stimulation
Tala, F., & Johnson, B. C. (2024) · IEEE International Midwest Symposium on Circuits and Systems (MWSCAS) · doi:10.1109/mwscas60917.2024.10658858
Salahi, R., & Moezzi, M. (2025) · Journal of Association of Electrical and Electronics Engineers · doi:10.61186/jiaeee.22.1.25
Large-space multiangle dynamic uniform and continuous wireless charging for implantable devices
Xu, Y. (2025) · Journal of Power Electronics · doi:10.1007/s43236-025-01158-3
Tsai, C.-J., & Tang, K. (2025) · IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems · doi:10.1109/tbcas.2025.3634251
Shape-engineered BaTiO3 receivers for ultrasonic powering of modular localized peritumoral therapies
Selvarajan, S., Qasim, R., Yang, Y., Kim, J. K., Yang, Z., & Kim, A. (2025) · Nano Energy · doi:10.1016/j.nanoen.2025.111672
Huang, X., Yassin, H. A., Alcazar, B. L., Akhoundi, A., & Muratore, D. G. (2026) · IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits · doi:10.1109/jssc.2025.3650066
Koolani, M., Mansoury, H. S., Salehian, M., & Atarodi, M. (2026) · AEU - International Journal of Electronics and Communications · doi:10.1016/j.aeue.2026.156257
Hardware Design and Simulation Research of Low-Power Spinal Cord Stimulator
Xu, H. (2025) · International Conference on Power, Electrical Engineering, Electronics and Control (PEEEC) · doi:10.1109/peeec67807.2025.00012
Zhao, L., & Jia, Y. (2026) · Biomedical Engineering Letters · doi:10.1007/s13534-026-00574-z
Fan, Y., Ma, Y., Zolotavin, P., Topalli, G., Wang, W., Karlsson, M. P., Karlsson, M., Luan, L., Xie, C., & Chi, T. (2026) · npj Biomedical Innovations. · doi:10.1038/s44385-026-00103-8 · Cited by 1
Olaitan, G. O., Asiamah, R., Lynch, W. J., & Venton, B. J. (2026) · ACS Sensors · doi:10.1021/acssensors.6c00729
Sun, H., Xiao, Y., Li, Y., & Gao, R. (2026) · Microwave and Optical Technology Letters · doi:10.1002/mop.70761
Ocular smart wearable sensors and chips: Summary and outlook
Chen, Y., ZHANG, Y., HUANG, Y., Fan, T. A. N. G., Minghua, D. U., Xinxia, C. A. I., & Yang, W. A. N. G. (2026) · Chinese Journal of Semiconductors · doi:10.3724/cjos.2025.002
Ikram, M., Mugheri, A. A., Abdelhamid, A. S., Kamel, Y. A., Alqadami, A. S. M., Akhter, Z., Hussain, N., Jehangir, S. S., & Sultan, K. (2026) · Sensors and Actuators Reports · doi:10.1016/j.snr.2026.100530
Metadata
- Authors
- Charthad, J., Chang, T. C., Liu, Z., Sawaby, A., Weber, M. J., Baker, S., Gore, F., Felt, S. A., & Arbabian, A.
- Affiliations
- Stanford University (US)
- University of California, Berkeley (US)
- ORCID
- Venue
- IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems
- Published
- 2018-04
- Volume
- 12
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 257-270
- ISSN
- 1932-4545 (ISSN-L)
- 1940-9990
- OpenAlex
- W2790547683
- Cited by
- 230
- References
- 70
- Citations by year
- 2026: 16 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 24 · 2023: 41 · 2022: 40 · 2021: 32 · 2020: 38 · 2019: 16 · 2018: 6
- FWCI
- 10.37
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- DARPA Young Faculty Award
- National Science Foundation CAREER Award (ECCS-1454107)
- NSF Graduate Research Fellowships Program (DGE-114747)
- Stanford internal seed funds
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neural Engineering
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Analog and Mixed-Signal Circuit Design
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Wireless Body Area Networks
- Keywords
- peripheral nerve stimulation, piezoelectric receiver, energy storage capacitors, optogenetic stimulation, blue LEDs, sciatic nerve stimulation
- MeSH terms
- Electrodes, Implanted, Electric Stimulation Therapy, Equipment Design, Humans, Models, Theoretical, Peripheral Nerves
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
