The DOI matches its Crossref record; 69 of the 70 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
A mm-Sized Wireless Implantable Device for Electrical Stimulation of Peripheral Nerves
Abstract
A wireless electrical stimulation implant for peripheral nerves, achieving >10× improvement over state of the art in the depth/volume figure of merit, is presented. The fully integrated implant measures just 2 mm × 3 mm × 6.5 mm (39 mm3, 78 mg), and operates at a large depth of 10.5 cm in a tissue phantom. The implant is powered using ultrasound and includes a miniaturized piezoelectric receiver (piezo), an IC designed in 180 nm HV BCD process, an off-chip energy storage capacitor, and platinum stimulation electrodes. The package also includes an optional blue light-emitting diode for potential applications in optogenetic stimulation in the future. A system-level design strategy for complete operation of the implant during the charging transient of the storage capacitor, as well as a unique downlink command/data transfer protocol, is presented. The implant enables externally programmable current-controlled stimulation of peripheral nerves, with a wide range of stimulation parameters, both for electrical (22 to 5000 μA amplitude, ~14 to 470 μs pulse-width, 0 to 60 Hz repetition rate) and optical (up to 23 mW/mm2optical intensity) stimulation. Additionally, the implant achieves 15 V compliance voltage for chronic applications. Full integration of the implant components, end-to-end in vitro system characterizations, and results for the electrical stimulation of a sciatic nerve, demonstrate the feasibility and efficacy of the proposed stimulator for peripheral nerves.
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In the citing paper
“This depth is significantly greater than what current technologies offer, and it maintains a wide range of stimulation parameters, from 22 to 5,000 μA in amplitude and 14 to 470 μs in pulse-width (Charthad et al., 2018).”
From Comparative analysis of energy transfer mechanisms for neural implants (2024) · cites this paper as Charthad et al., 2018
In the citing paper
“This depth is significantly greater than what current technologies offer, and it maintains a wide range of stimulation parameters, from 22 to 5,000 μA in amplitude and 14 to 470 μs in pulse-width (Charthad et al., 2018).”
From Comparative analysis of energy transfer mechanisms for neural implants (2024) · cites this paper as Charthad et al., 2018
In the citing paper
“In a subsequent study by the same group, an implant of 2 mm × 3 mm × 6.5 mm dimensions achieved a remarkable depth of operation—10.5 cm in a tissue phantom.”
From Comparative analysis of energy transfer mechanisms for neural implants (2024) · cites this paper as Charthad et al., 2018
In the citing paper
“Biphasic delivery of stimulus pulses is commonly achieved using a set of switches placed in a H-bridge structure. Each electrode operates as either a cathode or an anode from a single supply current, maximising flexibility and limiting the reliance on storage capacitors [57], [134].”
From Active Neural Interface Circuits and Systems for Selective Control of Peripheral Nerves: A Review (2024) · cites this paper as [57]
In the citing paper
“The resulting increase in headroom that limits voltage compliance is addressed by external biasing, such as in wide swing current mirrors [57] shown in Fig. 5(a).”
From Active Neural Interface Circuits and Systems for Selective Control of Peripheral Nerves: A Review (2024) · cites this paper as [57]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Charthad, J., Chang, T. C., Liu, Z., Sawaby, A., Weber, M. J., Baker, S., Gore, F., Felt, S. A., & Arbabian, A.
- Affiliations
- Stanford University (US)
- University of California, Berkeley (US)
- ORCID
- Venue
- IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems
- Published
- 2018-04
- Volume
- 12
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 257-270
- ISSN
- 1932-4545 (ISSN-L)
- 1940-9990
- OpenAlex
- W2790547683
- Cited by
- 230
- References
- 70
- Citations by year
- 2026: 16 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 24 · 2023: 41 · 2022: 40 · 2021: 32 · 2020: 38 · 2019: 16 · 2018: 6
- FWCI
- 10.37
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- DARPA Young Faculty Award
- National Science Foundation CAREER Award (ECCS-1454107)
- NSF Graduate Research Fellowships Program (DGE-114747)
- Stanford internal seed funds
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neural Engineering
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Analog and Mixed-Signal Circuit Design
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Wireless Body Area Networks
- Keywords
- peripheral nerve stimulation, piezoelectric receiver, energy storage capacitors, optogenetic stimulation, blue LEDs, sciatic nerve stimulation
- MeSH terms
- Electrodes, Implanted, Electric Stimulation Therapy, Equipment Design, Humans, Models, Theoretical, Peripheral Nerves
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