The DOI matches its Crossref record; 24 of the 24 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Lightweight TRNG Based on Multiphase Timing of Bistables
Abstract
The paper presents a concept of a True Random Number Generator (TRNG) that utilizes phase noise of a pair of ring oscillators (ROs) to increase the variance of the initial condition of a bistable. For this purpose a special TRNG D-latch architecture (TDL) has been proposed, which can either operate in the oscillatory ring-oscillator mode or the nearly-metastable mode. The RO mode increases the probability of the nearly metastable operation of the TDL, which in turn increases the mean value and variance of the resolve time. Moreover, due to the oscillatory nature of the TDL metastability, the resolve time can be easily measured and used for further randomness harvesting in the TRNG. The proposed TRNG uses a pair of TDLs to reduce sensitivity to process or temperature variation, whereas TDLs' individual resolve time, their resolve time difference and logical state contribute to randomness. In the article, the impact of the devices' imbalance (tolerance) resulting from process variation on the resultant entropy is also explored. The proposed TRNG based on TDLs is scalable and has been implemented in modern CPLD and FPGA devices whereas the bit rate reached up to 1 Mbit. The article also discusses theoretical issues related to a transformation of phase and resolve time probability density functions and their influence on TRNG parameters.
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Oscillator-based TRNGs suffer from drawbacks including aging, frequency locking, technology dependence, high power consumption, and are vulnerable to frequency attacks leading to entropy loss.
“However, some drawbacks can hinder the usage oscillatorbased TRNGs, such as aging, frequency locking, technology dependence and highly power consumption [60], [61].What's worse, oscillator-based TRNGs suffer from frequency attacking easily [60], which can lead to entropy loss.”
From True Random Number Generators Using Electrical Noise (2019) · cites this paper as [61]
Citations
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Self-citation
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
True Random Number Generators Using Electrical Noise
Gong, L., Zhang, J., Liu, H., Sang, L., & Wang, Y. (2019) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2019.2939027 · Cited by 77
“However, some drawbacks can hinder the usage oscillatorbased TRNGs, such as aging, frequency locking, technology dependence and highly power consumption [60], [61].”
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Self-citationRandom-telegraph-noise-enabled true random number generator for hardware security
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Metadata
- Authors
- Wieczorek, P. Z.
- Affiliations
- Warsaw University of Technology (PL)
- Corresponding author
- Wieczorek, Piotr Zbigniew
- Venue
- IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers
- Published
- 2016-07
- Volume
- 63
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 1043-1054
- ISSN
- 1549-8328 (ISSN-L)
- 1558-0806
- OpenAlex
- W2442161277
- Cited by
- 27
- References
- 24
- Citations by year
- 2025: 2 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 1 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 1
- FWCI
- 6.57
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I Regular Papers (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Hardware and Architecture › Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Advancements in PLL and VCO Technologies
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Low-power high-performance VLSI design
- Keywords
- true random number generator, ring oscillator, phase noise, bistable circuits, metastability, process variation, temperature variation, entropy (information theory), FPGA implementation, CPLD, probability density function
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