Authorship Attribution for Social Media Forensics
Abstract
The veil of anonymity provided by smartphones with pre-paid SIM cards, public Wi-Fi hotspots, and distributed networks like Tor has drastically complicated the task of identifying users of social media during forensic investigations. In some cases, the text of a single posted message will be the only clue to an author's identity. How can we accurately predict who that author might be when the message may never exceed 140 characters on a service like Twitter? For the past 50 years, linguists, computer scientists, and scholars of the humanities have been jointly developing automated methods to identify authors based on the style of their writing. All authors possess peculiarities of habit that influence the form and content of their written works. These characteristics can often be quantified and measured using machine learning algorithms. In this paper, we provide a comprehensive review of the methods of authorship attribution that can be applied to the problem of social media forensics. Furthermore, we examine emerging supervised learning-based methods that are effective for small sample sizes, and provide step-by-step explanations for several scalable approaches as instructional case studies for newcomers to the field. We argue that there is a significant need in forensics for new authorship attribution algorithms that can exploit context, can process multi-modal data, and are tolerant to incomplete knowledge of the space of all possible authors at training time.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
LIBSVM: A library for support vector machines
Chang, C.-C., & Lin, C.-J. (2011) · ACM Transactions on Intelligent Systems and Technology · doi:10.1145/1961189.1961199 · Cited by 40,918 · see citing works
The Elements of Statistical Learning
Hastie, T., Tibshirani, R., & Friedman, J. (2009) · Springer Series in Statistics · doi:10.1007/978-0-387-84858-7 · Cited by 25,970 · see citing works
Breiman, L. (1996) · Machine Learning · doi:10.1007/bf00058655 · Cited by 16,325 · see citing works
Visualizing and understanding convolutional networks
Zeiler, M. D., & Fergus, R. (2014) · Lecture Notes in Computer Science · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-10590-1_53 · Cited by 15,839 · see citing works
The Elements of Statistical Learning: Data Mining, Inference, and Prediction
Lu, Z. Q. J. (2010) · Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series A (Statistics in Society) · doi:10.1111/j.1467-985x.2010.00646_6.x · Cited by 12,904 · see citing works
Foundations of statistical natural language processing
Manning, C. D., & Schütze, H. (1999) · Cited by 9,816 · see citing works
Introduction to Modern Information Retrieval
Salton, G., & McGill, M. J. (1983) · Virtual Defense Library (Ministerio de Defensa) · Cited by 9,743 · see citing works
An Introduction to Statistical Modeling of Extreme Values
Coles, S. (2001) · Springer Series in Statistics · doi:10.1007/978-1-4471-3675-0 · Cited by 7,352 · see citing works
From the New York Times Magazine
Minsky, & Hyman, P. (1979) · Cited by 6,899 · see citing works
LIBLINEAR: A Library for Large Linear Classification
Fan, R.-E., Chang, K., Hsieh, C., Xiang-rui, W., & Lin, C. (2008) · doi:10.5555/1390681.1442794 · Cited by 6,680 · see citing works
Estimating the Support of a High-Dimensional Distribution
Schölkopf, B., Platt, J. C., Shawe-Taylor, J., Smola, A. J., & Williamson, R. C. (2001) · Neural Computation · doi:10.1162/089976601750264965 · Cited by 6,168 · see citing works
Introduction to modern information retrieval
Dillon, M. (1983) · Information Processing & Management · doi:10.1016/0306-4573(83)90062-6 · Cited by 5,980 · see citing works
Learning Deep Architectures for AI
Bengio, Y. (2009) · now publishers, Inc. eBooks · doi:10.1561/9781601982957 · Cited by 5,037 · see citing works
Pattern Recognition and Machine Learning
Neal, R. M. (2007) · Technometrics · doi:10.1198/tech.2007.s518 · Cited by 4,629 · see citing works
Tor: The Second-Generation Onion Router
Dingledine, R., Mathewson, N., & Syverson, P. (2004) · doi:10.21236/ada465464 · Cited by 4,104 · see citing works
Software Framework for Topic Modelling with Large Corpora
Rek, R. R. U., & Sojka, P. (2010) · doi:10.13140/2.1.2393.1847 · Cited by 3,766 · see citing works
Speech and language processing
Politt, R., Pollock, J., & Waller, E. (2010) · Taylor & Francis eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203461891_chapter_3 · Cited by 3,594 · see citing works
Do we need hundreds of classifiers to solve real world classification problems
Fernández-Delgado, M., Cernadas, E., Barro, S., & AmorimDinani (2014) · Journal of Machine Learning Research · doi:10.5555/2627435.2697065 · Cited by 2,131 · see citing works
Graph-based approach for airborne light detection and ranging segmentation
Vilariño, D. L., Cabaleiro, J. C., Sánchez, J. M., Rivera, F. F., & Pena, T. F. (2017) · Journal of Applied Remote Sensing · doi:10.1117/1.jrs.11.015020 · Cited by 1,760 · see citing works
Scheirer, W. J., de Rezende Rocha, A., Sapkota, A., & Boult, T. E. (2013) · IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence · doi:10.1109/tpami.2012.256 · Cited by 1,573 · see citing works
Self-citationOne-class svms for document classification
Manevitz, L. M., & Yousef, M. (2002) · doi:10.5555/944790.944808 · Cited by 1,219 · see citing works
Comparing Twitter and Traditional Media Using Topic Models
Zhao, W. X., Jiang, J., Weng, J., He, J., Lim, E.-P., Yan, H., & Li, X. (2011) · Lecture Notes in Computer Science · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-20161-5_34 · Cited by 1,214 · see citing works
A survey of modern authorship attribution methods
Stamatatos, E. (2009) · Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology · doi:10.1002/asi.21001 · Cited by 1,176 · see citing works
Self-citationEmpirical study of topic modeling in Twitter
Hong, L., & Davison, B. D. (2010) · doi:10.1145/1964858.1964870 · Cited by 1,142 · see citing works
Anonymous connections and onion routing
Reed, M., Syverson, P. F., & Goldschlag, D. M. (1998) · IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications · doi:10.1109/49.668972 · Cited by 1,111 · see citing works
<b>topicmodels</b> : An <i>R</i> Package for Fitting Topic Models
Grün, B., & Hornik, K. (2011) · Journal of Statistical Software · doi:10.18637/jss.v040.i13 · Cited by 1,072 · see citing works
Inference and disputed authorship : The Federalist
Mosteller, F. C., & Wallace, D. K. (1964) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 916 · see citing works
A dual coordinate descent method for large-scale linear SVM
Hsieh, C., Chang, K., Lin, C., Keerthi, S. S., & Sundararajan, S. (2008) · International Conference on Machine Learning · doi:10.1145/1390156.1390208 · Cited by 881 · see citing works
Relevance feedback in image retrieval: A comprehensive review
Zhou, X. S., & Huang, T. S. (2003) · Multimedia Systems · doi:10.1007/s00530-002-0070-3 · Cited by 829 · see citing works
Part-of-Speech Tagging for Twitter: Annotation, Features, and Experiments
Gimpel, K., Schneider, N., O'Connor, B., Das, D., Mills, D. P., Eisenstein, J., Heilman, M., Yogatama, D., Flanigan, J., & Smith, N. A. (2018) · Figshare · doi:10.1184/r1/6473609.v1 · Cited by 800 · see citing works
Modeling online reviews with multi-grain topic models
Titov, I., & McDonald, R. (2008) · International World Wide Web Conference (WWW) · doi:10.1145/1367497.1367513 · Cited by 788 · see citing works
Improved Part-of-Speech Tagging for Online Conversational Text with Word Clusters
Owoputi, O., O'Connor, B., Dyer, C., Gimpel, K., Schneider, N., & Smith, N. A. (2018) · Figshare · doi:10.1184/r1/6473408 · Cited by 662 · see citing works
Book Review: Pattern Recognition and Machine Learning
Nasrabadi, N. M. (2007) · Journal of Electronic Imaging · doi:10.1117/1.2819119 · Cited by 636 · see citing works
Probability Models for Open Set Recognition
Scheirer, W. J., Jain, L. P., & Boult, T. E. (2014) · IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence · doi:10.1109/tpami.2014.2321392 · Cited by 630 · see citing works
Self-citationJuola, P. (2007) · now publishers, Inc. eBooks · doi:10.1561/9781601981196 · Cited by 623 · see citing works
Regularized linear discriminant analysis and its application in microarrays
Guo, Y., Hastie, T. J., & Tibshirani, R. (2006) · Biostatistics · doi:10.1093/biostatistics/kxj035 · Cited by 598 · see citing works
Computational methods in authorship attribution
Koppel, M., Schler, J., & Argamon, S. (2009) · Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology · doi:10.1002/asi.20961 · Cited by 528 · see citing works
Zheng, R., Li, J., Chen, H., & Huang, Z. (2006) · Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology · doi:10.1002/asi.20316 · Cited by 519 · see citing works
Juola, P. (2008) · Foundations and Trends® in Information Retrieval · doi:10.1561/1500000005 · Cited by 505 · see citing works
Part-of-Speech Tagging for Twitter: Annotation, Features, and Experiments
Gimpel, K., Schneider, N., O'Connor, B., Das, D., Mills, D. S., Eisenstein, J., Heilman, M., Yogatama, D., Flanigan, J., & Smith, N. A. (2010) · doi:10.21236/ada547371 · Cited by 491 · see citing works
Mining e-mail content for author identification forensics
de Vel, O., Anderson, A., Corney, M., & Mohay, G. (2001) · ACM SIGMOD Record · doi:10.1145/604264.604272 · Cited by 487 · see citing works
Selected Studies of the Principle of Relative Frequency in Language
Zipf, G. (2014) · Harvard University Press eBooks · doi:10.4159/harvard.9780674434929 · Cited by 461 · see citing works
Quantitative Authorship Attribution: An Evaluation of Techniques
Grieve, J. (2007) · Literary and Linguistic Computing · doi:10.1093/llc/fqm020 · Cited by 430 · see citing works
The Characteristic Curves of Composition
Mendenhall, T. C. (1887) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.ns-9.214s.237 · Cited by 407 · see citing works
Abbasi, A., & Chen, H. (2008) · ACM Transactions on Information Systems · doi:10.1145/1344411.1344413 · Cited by 405 · see citing works
Automatic Text Categorization in Terms of Genre and Author
Stamatatos, E., Fakotakis, N., & Kokkinakis, G. C. (2000) · Computational Linguistics · doi:10.1162/089120100750105920 · Cited by 402 · see citing works
Self-citationApplying Authorship Analysis to Extremist-Group Web Forum Messages
Abbasi, A., & Chen, H. (2005) · IEEE Intelligent Systems · doi:10.1109/mis.2005.81 · Cited by 399 · see citing works
N-GRAM-BASED AUTHOR PROFILES FOR AUTHORSHIP ATTRIBUTION
Ke, V., Peng, F., Cercone, N. J., & Thomas, C. (2003) · Cited by 395 · see citing works
Outside the cave of shadows: using syntactic annotation to enhance authorship attribution
Baayen, R. H., van Halteren, H., & Tweedie, F. C. (1996) · Literary and Linguistic Computing · doi:10.1093/llc/11.3.121 · Cited by 388 · see citing works
TweetMotif: Exploratory Search and Topic Summarization for Twitter
O'Connor, B., Krieger, M., & Ahn, D. (2010) · Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media · doi:10.1609/icwsm.v4i1.14008 · Cited by 365 · see citing works
Authorship Attribution with Support Vector Machines
Diederich, J., Kindermann, J., Leopold, E., & Paaß, G. (2003) · Applied Intelligence · doi:10.1023/a:1023824908771 · Cited by 363 · see citing works
Multi-class Open Set Recognition Using Probability of Inclusion
Jain, L. P., Scheirer, W. J., & Boult, T. E. (2014) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-10578-9_26 · Cited by 362 · see citing works
Self-citationBenedetto, D., Caglioti, E., & Loreto, V. (2002) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.88.048702 · Cited by 359 · see citing works
topicmodels: An R Package for Fitting Topic Models
Grün, B., Kepler, J., Linz, U., Hornik, K., & Wien, W. W. (2011) · Cited by 345 · see citing works
Syntactic N-grams as machine learning features for natural language processing
Sidorov, G., Velásquez, F., Stamatatos, E., Gelbukh, A. F., & Chanona-Hernández, L. (2013) · Expert Systems with Applications · doi:10.1016/j.eswa.2013.08.015 · Cited by 320 · see citing works
Self-citationAuthorship attribution in the wild
Koppel, M., Schler, J., & Argamon, S. (2010) · Language Resources and Evaluation · doi:10.1007/s10579-009-9111-2 · Cited by 305 · see citing works
Fast Kernels for String and Tree Matching
Vishwanathan, S. V. N., & Smola, A. J. (2004) · The MIT Press eBooks · doi:10.7551/mitpress/4057.003.0008 · Cited by 295 · see citing works
Authorship verification as a one-class classification problem
Koppel, M., & Schler, J. (2004) · International Conference on Machine Learning · doi:10.1145/1015330.1015448 · Cited by 278 · see citing works
The Federalist Revisited: New Directions in Authorship Attribution
Holmes, D. I. (1995) · Literary and Linguistic Computing · doi:10.1093/llc/10.2.111 · Cited by 269 · see citing works
On the Feasibility of Internet-Scale Author Identification
Narayanan, A., Paskov, H., Gong, N. Z., Bethencourt, J., Stefanov, E., Shin, E. C. R., & Song, D. (2012) · 2012 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy · doi:10.1109/sp.2012.46 · Cited by 261 · see citing works
Augmenting Naive Bayes Classifiers with Statistical Language Models
Peng, F., Schuurmans, D., & Wang, S. (2004) · Information Retrieval · doi:10.1023/b:inrt.0000011209.19643.e2 · Cited by 248 · see citing works
Determining if two documents are written by the same author
Koppel, M., & Winter, Y. (2013) · Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology · doi:10.1002/asi.22954 · Cited by 228 · see citing works
Bigrams of Syntactic Labels for Authorship Discrimination of Short Texts
Hirst, G., & Feiguina, O. (2007) · Literary and Linguistic Computing · doi:10.1093/llc/fqm023 · Cited by 227 · see citing works
Computer-Based Authorship Attribution Without Lexical Measures
Stamatatos, E., Fakotakis, N., & Kokkinakis, G. (2001) · Computers and the Humanities · doi:10.1023/a:1002681919510 · Cited by 219 · see citing works
Self-citationDoes Size Matter? Authorship Attribution, Small Samples, Big Problem
Eder, M. (2015) · Digital Scholarship in the Humanities · doi:10.1093/llc/fqt066 · Cited by 214 · see citing works
Neural network applications in stylometry: The Federalist Papers
Tweedie, F. J., Singh, S. K., & Holmes, D. I. (1996) · Computers and the Humanities · doi:10.1007/bf00054024 · Cited by 209 · see citing works
Not Unless You Ask Nicely: The Interpretative Nexus Between Analysis and Information
BURROWS, J. F. (1992) · Literary and Linguistic Computing · doi:10.1093/llc/7.2.91 · Cited by 207 · see citing works
Stylistic text classification using functional lexical features
Argamon, S., Whitelaw, C., Chase, P., Hota, S. R., Garg, N., & Levitan, S. (2007) · Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology · doi:10.1002/asi.20553 · Cited by 202 · see citing works
Hoover, D. L. (2004) · Literary and Linguistic Computing · doi:10.1093/llc/19.4.453 · Cited by 199 · see citing works
Multiclass From Binary: Expanding One-Versus-All, One-Versus-One and ECOC-Based Approaches
Rocha, A. D. R., & Goldenstein, S. K. (2013) · IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems · doi:10.1109/tnnls.2013.2274735 · Cited by 197 · see citing works
Self-citationWho Wrote the 15th Book of Oz? An Application of Multivariate Analysis to Authorship Attribution
Binongo, J. (2003) · CHANCE · doi:10.1080/09332480.2003.10554843 · Cited by 195 · see citing works
Word-Patterns and Story-Shapes: The Statistical Analysis of Narrative Style
Burrows, J. F. (1987) · Literary and Linguistic Computing · doi:10.1093/llc/2.2.61 · Cited by 195 · see citing works
Brennan, M., Afroz, S., & Greenstadt, R. (2012) · ACM Transactions on Information and System Security · doi:10.1145/2382448.2382450 · Cited by 194 · see citing works
Linguistic correlates of style
Gamon, M. (2004) · International Conference on Computational Linguistics · doi:10.3115/1220355.1220443 · Cited by 190 · see citing works
A comparative study of machine learning methods for authorship attribution
Jockers, M. L., & Witten, D. (2010) · Literary and Linguistic Computing · doi:10.1093/llc/fqq001 · Cited by 189 · see citing works
Who's At The Keyboard? Authorship Attribution in Digital Evidence Investigations
Chaski, C. E. (2005) · Cited by 185 · see citing works
Measuring Differentiability: Unmasking Pseudonymous Authors
Koppel, M., Schler, J., & Bonchek-Dokow, E. (2007) · Journal of Machine Learning Research · Cited by 182 · see citing works
Empirical evaluations of language-based author identification techniques
Chaski, C. E. (2001) · International Journal of Speech Language and the Law · doi:10.1558/sll.2001.8.1.1 · Cited by 177 · see citing works
Fridman, L., Weber, S. P., Greenstadt, R., & Kam, M. (2016) · IEEE Systems Journal · doi:10.1109/jsyst.2015.2472579 · Cited by 176 · see citing works
Determining an author's native language by mining a text for errors
Koppel, M., Schler, J., & Zigdon, K. (2005) · Proceedings of the eleventh ACM SIGKDD international conference on Knowledge discovery in data mining · doi:10.1145/1081870.1081947 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
De-anonymizing programmers via code stylometry
Islam, A. C., Harang, R., Liu, A., Narayanan, A., Voss, C. R., Yamaguchi, F., & Greenstadt, R. (2015) · USENIX Security Symposium · Cited by 166 · see citing works
Effective and Scalable Authorship Attribution Using Function Words
Zhao, Y., & Zobel, J. (2005) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/11562382_14 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
Not All Character N-grams Are Created Equal: A Study in Authorship Attribution
Sapkota, U., Bethard, S. J., Montes, M., & Solorio, T. (2015) · Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies (NAACL-HLT) · doi:10.3115/v1/n15-1010 · Cited by 159 · see citing works
Exploiting Stylistic Idiosyncrasies for Authorship Attribution
Koppel, M., & Schler, J. (2003) · Cited by 157 · see citing works
Language independent authorship attribution using character level language models
Peng, F., Schuurmans, D., Wang, S., & Kešelj, V. (2003) · Conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics · doi:10.3115/1067807.1067843 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
From fingerprint to writeprint
Li, J., Zheng, R., & Chen, H. (2006) · Communications of the ACM · doi:10.1145/1121949.1121951 · Cited by 154 · see citing works
Authorship attribution and verification with many authors and limited data
Luyckx, K., & Daelemans, W. M. P. (2008) · International Conference on Computational Linguistics · doi:10.3115/1599081.1599146 · Cited by 151 · see citing works
Short text authorship attribution via sequence kernels, Markov chains and author unmasking
Sanderson, C., & Guenter, S. (2006) · Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP) · doi:10.3115/1610075.1610142 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
A Controlled-corpus Experiment in Authorship Identification by Cross-entropy
Juola, P. (2005) · Literary and Linguistic Computing · doi:10.1093/llc/fqi024 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
Neural Computation in Stylometry I: An Application to the Works of Shakespeare and Fletcher
Matthews, R. (1993) · Literary and Linguistic Computing · doi:10.1093/llc/8.4.203 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
On the Robustness of Authorship Attribution Based on Character N -gram Features
Stamatatos, E. (2013) · Journal of law and policy · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Self-citationAuthorship Attribution for Twitter in 140 Characters or Less
Layton, R., Watters, P., & Dazeley, R. (2010) · Cybercrime and Trustworthy Computing Workshop (CTC) · doi:10.1109/ctc.2010.17 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Using Compression-Based Language Models for Text Categorization
Teahan, W. J., & Harper, D. J. (2003) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-017-0171-6_7 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
An experiment in authorship attribution
Baayen, R. H., van Halteren, H., Neijt, A., & Tweedie, F. J. (2002) · Radboud Repository (Radboud University) · Cited by 138 · see citing works
The application of principal component analysis to stylometry
Binongo, J., & Smith, M. (1999) · Literary and Linguistic Computing · doi:10.1093/llc/14.4.445 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Author identification: Using text sampling to handle the class imbalance problem
Stamatatos, E. (2007) · Information Processing & Management · doi:10.1016/j.ipm.2007.05.012 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Self-citationOverview of the Author Identification Task at PAN 2015.
Stamatatos, E., Daelemans, W. M. P., Verhoeven, B., Stein, B., Potthast, M., Juola, P., Sánchez-Pérez, M. A., & Barrón‐Cedeño, A. (2014) · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Self-citationUsing Literal and Grammatical Statistics for Authorship Attribution
Кукушкина, О. В., Polikarpov, A. A., & Khmelev, D. (2001) · Problems of Information Transmission · doi:10.1023/a:1010478226705 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Identifying Authorship by Byte-Level N-Grams: The Source Code Author Profile (SCAP) Method.
Frantzeskou, G., Stamatatos, E., Gritzalis, S., Chaski, C. E., & Howald, B. S. (2007) · International journal of digital evidence · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Self-citationUsing Markov chains for identification of writers
Khmelev, D. (2001) · Literary and Linguistic Computing · doi:10.1093/llc/16.3.299 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Software forensics: Can we track code to its authors?
Spafford, E. H., & Weeber, S. A. (1993) · Computers & Security · doi:10.1016/0167-4048(93)90055-a · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Function Words in Authorship Attribution. From Black Magic to Theory?
Kestemont, M. (2014) · Joint SIGHUM Workshop on Computational Linguistics for Cultural Heritage, Social Sciences, Humanities and Literature (LaTeCH-CLfL) · doi:10.3115/v1/w14-0908 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Efficient Graph-Based Semi-Supervised Learning of Structured Tagging Models
Subramanya, A., Petrov, S., & Pereira, F. M. B. (2010) · Cited by 112 · see citing works
When Coding Style Survives Compilation: De-anonymizing Programmers from Executable Binaries
Caliskan, A., Yamaguchi, F., Dauber, E., Harang, R., Rieck, K., Greenstadt, R., & Narayanan, A. (2018) · Network and Distributed System Security Symposium · doi:10.14722/ndss.2018.23304 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Authorship Attribution of Micro-Messages
Schwartz, R., Tsur, O., Rappoport, A., & Koppel, M. (2013) · Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP) · doi:10.18653/v1/d13-1193 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Authorship verification for short messages using stylometry
Brocardo, M. L., Traoré, I., Saad, S., & Woungang, I. (2013) · International Conference on Computer, Information and Telecommunication Systems · doi:10.1109/cits.2013.6705711 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Linguistic profiling for author recognition and verification
van Halteren, H. (2004) · Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL) · doi:10.3115/1218955.1218981 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Effective identification of source code authors using byte-level information
Frantzeskou, G., Stamatatos, E., Gritzalis, S., & Katsikas, S. K. (2006) · ACM/IEEE International Conference on Software Engineering: Companion Proceedings (ICSE-Companion) · doi:10.1145/1134285.1134445 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Self-citationLocal Histograms of Character N-grams for Authorship Attribution
Escalante, H. J., Solorio, T., & Montes-y-Gómez, M. (2011) · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Measuring Differentiability: Unmasking Pseudonymous Authors
KoppelMoshe, SchlerJonathan, & Bonchek-DokowElisheva (2007) · Journal of Machine Learning Research · doi:10.5555/1314498.1314541 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Doppelgänger Finder: Taking Stylometry to the Underground
Afroz, S., Islam, A. C., Stolerman, A., Greenstadt, R., & McCoy, D. (2014) · IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy (S&P) · doi:10.1109/sp.2014.21 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Authorship Determination Using Letter Pair Frequency Features with Neural Network Classifiers
Kjell, B. P. (1995) · Literary and Linguistic Computing · doi:10.1093/llc/9.2.119 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Shakespeare, Fletcher, and the Two Noble Kinsmen
Ledger, G. R. (1994) · Literary and Linguistic Computing · doi:10.1093/llc/9.3.235 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Frequent Word Sequences and Statistical Stylistics
Hoover, D. L. (2002) · Literary and Linguistic Computing · doi:10.1093/llc/17.2.157 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Kestemont, M., Moens, S., & Deploige, J. (2013) · Digital Scholarship in the Humanities · doi:10.1093/llc/fqt063 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Care and Feeding of Topic Models: Problems, Diagnostics, and Improvements
Boyd-Graber, J. L., Mimno, D., & Newman, D. J. (2014) · Chapman & Hall/CRC eBooks · doi:10.1201/b17520-21 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Authorship attribution with thousands of candidate authors
Koppel, M., Schler, J., Argamon, S., & Messeri, E. (2006) · Proceedings of the 29th annual international ACM SIGIR conference on Research and development in information retrieval · doi:10.1145/1148170.1148304 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Use Fewer Instances of the Letter “i”: Toward Writing Style Anonymization
McDonald, A., Afroz, S., Caliskan, A., Stolerman, A., & Greenstadt, R. (2012) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-31680-7_16 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Hoover, D. L. (2004) · Literary and Linguistic Computing · doi:10.1093/llc/19.4.477 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Obfuscating document stylometry to preserve author anonymity
Kacmarcik, G., & Gamon, M. (2006) · doi:10.3115/1273073.1273131 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Neural Computation in Stylometry II: An Application to the Works of Shakespeare and Marlowe
Merriam, T. (1994) · Literary and Linguistic Computing · doi:10.1093/llc/9.1.1 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Style-based Text Categorization: What Newspaper Am I Reading?
Avneri, G. (1998) · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Jockers, M. L., Witten, D., & Criddle, C. S. (2008) · Literary and Linguistic Computing · doi:10.1093/llc/fqn040 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
‘twazn me!!! ;(’ Automatic Authorship Analysis of Micro-Blogging Messages
Sousa‐Silva, R., Laboreiro, G., Sarmento, L., Grant, T., Oliveira, E., & Maia, B. (2011) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-22327-3_16 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Author Identification Using Multi-headed Recurrent Neural Networks
Bagnall, D. (2015) · arXiv · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1506.04891 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Literary detection: How to prove authorship and fraud in literature and documents
Morton, A. Q. (1978) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 79 · see citing works
A repetition based measure for verification of text collections and for text categorization
Khmelev, D. V., & Teahan, W. J. (2003) · International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval (SIGIR) · doi:10.1145/860435.860456 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Multivariate Analysis and the Study of Style Variation
Hoover, D. L. (2003) · Literary and Linguistic Computing · doi:10.1093/llc/18.4.341 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
On the utility of content analysis in author attribution:The Federalist
Martindale, C., & McKenzie, D. P. (1995) · Computers and the Humanities · doi:10.1007/bf01830395 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Discrimination of authorship using visualization
Kjell, B. P., Woods, W. A., & Frieder, O. (1994) · Information Processing & Management · doi:10.1016/0306-4573(94)90029-9 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Ngram and Bayesian Classification of Documents for Topic and Authorship
Clement, R. (2003) · Literary and Linguistic Computing · doi:10.1093/llc/18.4.423 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
The disputed federalist papers
Fung, G. (2003) · Richard Tapia Celebration Of Diversity In Computing · doi:10.1145/948542.948551 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Neural network identification of poets using letter sequences
Hoorn, J. F., Frank, S. L., Kowalczyk, W., & van der Ham, F. (1999) · Literary and Linguistic Computing · doi:10.1093/llc/14.3.311 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
TXT 4N6:method, consistency, and distinctiveness in the analysis of sms text messages
Grant, T. (2013) · Aston Publications Explorer (Aston University) · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Holmes, D. I., Robertson, M., & Paez, R. (2001) · Computers and the Humanities · doi:10.1023/a:1017549100097 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Shakespeare vs. fletcher: A stylometric analysis by radial basis functions
Lowe, D. G., & Matthews, R. (1995) · Computers and the Humanities · doi:10.1007/bf01829876 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Multi modal decision fusion for continuous authentication
Fridman, L., Stolerman, A., Acharya, S., Brennan, P., Juola, P., Greenstadt, R., & Kam, M. (2015) · Computers & Electrical Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.compeleceng.2014.10.018 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
‘An ocean where each kind. . .’: Statistical analysis and some major determinants of literary style
Burrows, J. F. (1989) · Computers and the Humanities · doi:10.1007/bf02176636 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Stylometric Analysis for Authorship Attribution on Twitter
Bhargava, M., Mehndiratta, P., & Asawa, K. (2013) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-03689-2_3 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Open set source camera attribution and device linking
Costa, F., Silva, E., Eckmann, M., Scheirer, W. J., & Rocha, A. D. R. (2013) · Pattern Recognition Letters · doi:10.1016/j.patrec.2013.09.006 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Self-citationInterpretability of Mixed Membership Models
Singer, B. H., & Castro, M. C. (2014) · Chapman & Hall/CRC eBooks · doi:10.1201/b17520-16 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Power mean SVM for large scale visual classification
Wu, J. (2012) · IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition/Proceedings - IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition/Proceedings · doi:10.1109/cvpr.2012.6247946 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
The Provenance of De Doctrina Christiana, attributed to John Milton: A Statistical Investigation
Tweedie, F. J., Holmes, D. I., & Corns, T. N. (1998) · Literary and Linguistic Computing · doi:10.1093/llc/13.2.77 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
(2007) · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Scalability Issues in Authorship Attribution
Luyckx, K. (2011) · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Comparing compression models for authorship attribution
Oliveira, W., Justino, E. J. R., & Oliveira, L. S. (2013) · Forensic Science International · doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2013.02.025 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Using Relative Entropy for Authorship Attribution
Zhao, Y., Zobel, J., & Vines, P. (2006) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/11880592_8 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Generating Templates of Entity Summaries with an Entity-Aspect Model and Pattern Mining
Li, P., Jiang, J., & Wang, Y. (2010) · Singapore Management University Institutional Knowledge (InK) (Singapore Management University) · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Authorship attribution on micro-messages
Cavalcante, T. (2014) · doi:10.47749/t/unicamp.2014.945944 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Self-citationA Fast Dual Method for HIK SVM Learning
Wu, J. (2010) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-15552-9_40 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Computational stylistics using artificial neural networks
Waugh, S. (2000) · Literary and Linguistic Computing · doi:10.1093/llc/15.2.187 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Authorship Attribution with Author-aware Topic Models
Seroussi, Y., Fabian Bohnert, A., & Ingrid Zukerman, A. (2012) · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Overview of the Author Identification Task at PAN 2013
Juola, P., & Stamatatos, E. (2013) · CLEF (Working Notes) · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Self-citationMulti-Topic E-mail Authorship Attribution Forensics
Vel, O. D., Anderson, A., Corney, M., & Mohay, G. (2001) · QUT ePrints (Queensland University of Technology) · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Correspondence Analysis of Luke
MEALAND, D. L. (1995) · Literary and Linguistic Computing · doi:10.1093/llc/10.3.171 · Cited by 41 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Multivariate analysis achieved some measure of success, and it quickly became well-established for authorship attribution (see: [12], [13], [19], [20], [75], [76], [80], [117], [132], [137], [186]).”
BackgroundStylometry with R : a suite of tools
Eder, M., Rybicki, J., & Kestemont, M. (2013) · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Time-Aware Authorship Attribution for Short Text Streams
Azarbonyad, H., Dehghani, M., Marx, M., & Kamps, J. (2015) · International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval (SIGIR) · doi:10.1145/2766462.2767799 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Recognising User Identity in Twitter Social Networks via Text Mining
Keretna, S., Hossny, A. H., & Creighton, D. (2013) · Conference proceedings/Conference proceedings - IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics · doi:10.1109/smc.2013.525 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Authorship Attribution and Pastiche
SOMERS, H. L., & Tweedie, F. C. (2003) · Computers and the Humanities · doi:10.1023/a:1025786724466 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Cross-Topic Authorship Attribution: Will Out-Of-Topic Data Help?
Sapkota, U., Solorio, T., Bethard, S. J., & Rosso, P. (2015) · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Comparing Frequency- and Style-Based Features for Twitter Author Identification
Green, R. M. (2016) · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Authorship attribution of text samples using neural networks and Bayesian classifiers
Kjell, B. P. (2002) · Conference proceedings/Conference proceedings - IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics · doi:10.1109/icsmc.1994.400086 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Kernel Methods and String Kernels for Authorship Analysis.
Popescu, M., & Grozea, C. (2012) · Fraunhofer-Publica (Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft) · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Schaalje, G. B., Fields, P. J., Roper, M., & Snow, G. L. (2011) · Literary and Linguistic Computing · doi:10.1093/llc/fqq029 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Evidence of intertextuality: investigating Paul the Deacon's Angustae Vitae
Forstall, C. W., Jacobson, S. L., & Scheirer, W. J. (2011) · Literary and Linguistic Computing · doi:10.1093/llc/fqr029 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Self-citationAnalyzing Stylometric Approaches to Author Obfuscation
Juola, P., & Vescovi, D. (2011) · IFIP International Federation for Information Processing/IFIP · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-24212-0_9 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Using Big Data Analytics for Authorship Authentication of Arabic Tweets
Albadarneh, J., Talafha, B., Al‐Ayyoub, M., Zaqaibeh, B. M., AL-Smadi, M., Jararweh, Y., & Benkhelifa, E. (2015) · IEEE/ACM International Conference on Utility and Cloud Computing (UCC) · doi:10.1109/ucc.2015.80 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Stylometric Linkability of Tweets
Almishari, M., Kâafar, M. A., Oğuz, E., & Tsudik, G. (2014) · Workshop on Privacy in the Electronic Society · doi:10.1145/2665943.2665966 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Authorship Attribution of Texts: A Review
Malyutov, M. B. (2006) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/11889342_20 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
SOURCE CODE AUTHORSHIP ANALYSIS FOR SUPPORTING THE CYBERCRIME INVESTIGATION PROCESS
Frantzeskou, G., Gritzalis, S., & MacDonell, S. G. (2004) · International Conference on E-Business and Telecommunication Networks · doi:10.5220/0001390300850092 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
The Federalist Papers revisited: A collaborative attribution scheme
Savoy, J. (2013) · Proceedings of the American Society for Information Science and Technology · doi:10.1002/meet.14505001036 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
An algorithm for automated authorship attribution using neural networks
Tearle, M., Taylor, K., & Demuth, H. B. (2008) · Literary and Linguistic Computing · doi:10.1093/llc/fqn022 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Tri-Training for Authorship Attribution with Limited Training Data
Qian, T., Liu, B., Chen, L., & Peng, Z. (2014) · Proceedings of the conference - Association for Computational Linguistics. Meeting · doi:10.3115/v1/p14-2057 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Information retrieval using letter tuples with neural network and nearest neighbor classifiers
Kjell, B. P., Woods, W. A., & Frieder, O. (2002) · Conference proceedings/Conference proceedings - IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics · doi:10.1109/icsmc.1995.537938 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Authorship Attribution in Greek Tweets Using Author's Multilevel N-Gram Profiles
Mikros, G. K., & Perifanos, K. (2013) · National Conference on Artificial Intelligence · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Lost in Translation: Authorship Attribution using Frame Semantics
Hedegaard, S., & Simonsen, J. G. (2011) · doi:10.5555/2002736.2002752 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Marlowe's Hand in Edward III Revisited
Merriam, T. (1996) · Literary and Linguistic Computing · doi:10.1093/llc/11.1.19 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Author Identification using Stylometric Features
Pavelec, D., Justino, E. J. R., & Oliveira, L. S. (2007) · INTELIGENCIA ARTIFICIAL · doi:10.4114/ia.v11i36.892 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
On Admissible Linguistic Evidence
Coulthard, M. (2013) · bepress Legal Repository · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Recognition of Compromised Accounts on Twitter
Igawa, R. A., de Almeida, A. M. G., Zarpel�ão, B. B., & Jr., S. (2015) · Anais do Simpósio Brasileiro de Sistemas de Informação (SBSI) · doi:10.5753/sbsi.2015.5885 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Authorship Attribution of IRC Messages Using Inverse Author Frequency
Layton, R., McCombie, S. J., & Watters, P. (2012) · Cybercrime and Trustworthy Computing Workshop (CTC) · doi:10.1109/ctc.2012.11 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Algorithmic Relative Complexity
Cerra, D., & Datcu, M. P. (2011) · Entropy · doi:10.3390/e13040902 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
A challenge of authorship identification for ten-thousand-scale microblog users
Okuno, S., Asai, H., & Yamana, H. (2014) · IEEE International Conference on Big Data (BigData) · doi:10.1109/bigdata.2014.7004491 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Authorship analysis based on data compression
Cerra, D., Datcu, M. P., & Reinartz, P. H. (2014) · Pattern Recognition Letters · doi:10.1016/j.patrec.2014.01.019 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Authorship Verification - An Approach based on Random ForestPreprint
Maitra, P., Ghosh, S., & Das, D. (2016) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1607.08885 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
An attempt to use weighted cusums to identify sublanguages
SOMERS, H. L. (1998) · Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning · doi:10.3115/1603899.1603922 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Features From Frequency: Authorship and Stylistic Analysis Using Repetitive Sound
Forstall, C. W., & Scheirer, W. J. (2010) · Knowledge@UChicago (University of Chicago) · doi:10.6082/m1tm789g · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Self-citationArakawa, Y., Kameda, A., Aizawa, A., & Suzuki, T. J. (2014) · Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology · doi:10.1002/asi.23126 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Authorship Attribution of Short Messages Using Multimodal Features
Boutwell, S. R. (2011) · Calhoun: The Naval Postgraduate School Institutional Archive (Naval Postgraduate School) · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Recognition of Compromised Accounts on Twitter
Igawa, R. A., de Almeida, A. M. G., Zarpel�ão, B. B., & Barbon, S. (2015) · Journal of the Association for Information Systems · doi:10.5555/2814058.2814061 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Pacheco, M. L., Fernandes, K., & Porco, A. (2015) · CLEF (Working Notes) · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Weighted Cumulative Sums for Text Analysis Using Word Counts
Bissell, A. F. (1995) · Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series A (Statistics in Society) · doi:10.2307/2983444 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
An Author Verification Approach Based on Differential Features
Bartoli, A., Dagri, A., Lorenzo, A. D., Medvet, E., & Tarlao, F. (2015) · ArTS Archivio della ricerca di Trieste (University of Trieste https://www.units.it/) · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Hayes, J. H. (2008) · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Stylometric fingerprints and privacy behavior in textual data
Islam, A. C., & Greenstadt, R. (2015) · doi:10.17918/etd-6327 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
12 of the 207 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Learning and the Unknown: Surveying Steps toward Open World Recognition
Boult, T. E., Cruz, S. S., Dhamija, A. R., Günther, M., Henrydoss, J., & Scheirer, W. J. (2019) · Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.1609/aaai.v33i01.33019801 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Self-citationDu, X., Hargreaves, C. J., Sheppard, J., Anda, F., Sayakkara, A., Le‐Khac, N., & Scanlon, M. (2020) · International Conference on Availability, Reliability and Security (ARES) · doi:10.1145/3407023.3407068 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Multi-Dimensional Gender Bias Classification
Dinan, E., Fan, A., Wu, L., Weston, J., Kiela, D., & Williams, A. (2020) · Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP) · doi:10.18653/v1/2020.emnlp-main.23 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Digital Forensics in Cyber Security—Recent Trends, Threats, and Opportunities
Alghamdi, M. (2021) · IntechOpen eBooks · doi:10.5772/intechopen.94452 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Explainable Authorship Verification in Social Media via Attention-based Similarity Learning
Boenninghoff, B., Hessler, S., Kolossa, D., & Nickel, R. M. (2019) · IEEE International Conference on Big Data (BigData) · doi:10.1109/bigdata47090.2019.9005650 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Classification for Authorship of Tweets by Comparing Logistic Regression and Naive Bayes Classifiers
Aborisade, O., & Anwar, M. (2018) · 2018 IEEE International Conference on Information Reuse and Integration (IRI) · doi:10.1109/iri.2018.00049 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Cross-Domain Authorship Attribution Using Pre-trained Language Models
Barlas, G., & Stamatatos, E. (2020) · IFIP advances in information and communication technology · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-49161-1_22 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Self-citationA Survey on Open Set Recognition
Mahdavi, A., & Carvalho, M. (2021) · IEEE International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Knowledge Engineering (AIKE) · doi:10.1109/aike52691.2021.00013 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Machine Learning (In) Security: A Stream of Problems
Ceschin, F., Botacin, M. F., Bifet, A., Pfahringer, B., Oliveira, L. S., Gomes, H. M., & Gregio, A. R. A. (2023) · Digital Threats Research and Practice · doi:10.1145/3617897 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Masking topic‐related information to enhance authorship attribution
Stamatatos, E. (2017) · Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology · doi:10.1002/asi.23968 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Self-citationSyntax Encoding with Application in Authorship Attribution
Zhang, R., Hu, Z., Guo, H., & Mao, Y. (2018) · Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP) · doi:10.18653/v1/d18-1294 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Mutawa, N. A., Bryce, J., Franqueira, V. N. L., Marrington, A., & Read, J. C. (2018) · Digital Investigation · doi:10.1016/j.diin.2018.12.003 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
BinSaeedan, W. M., & Alramlawi, S. (2021) · Knowledge-Based Systems · doi:10.1016/j.knosys.2021.107224 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Authorship Attribution Methods, Challenges, and Future Research Directions: A Comprehensive Survey
He, X., Lashkari, A. H., Vombatkere, N., & Sharma, D. P. (2024) · Information · doi:10.3390/info15030131 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Language models and fusion for authorship attribution
Fourkioti, O., Symeonidis, S., & Arampatzis, A. (2019) · Information Processing & Management · doi:10.1016/j.ipm.2019.102061 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Alzahrani, E., & Jololian, L. (2021) · doi:10.5121/csit.2021.111501 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Review of NLP-based Systems in Digital Forensics and Cybersecurity
Ukwen, D. O., & Karabatak, M. (2021) · International Symposium on Digital Forensics and Security (ISDFS) · doi:10.1109/isdfs52919.2021.9486354 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Author gender identification from Arabic text
Alsmearat, K., Al‐Ayyoub, M., Al–Shalabi, R., & Kanaan, G. (2017) · Journal of Information Security and Applications · doi:10.1016/j.jisa.2017.06.003 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Similarity Learning for Authorship Verification in Social Media
Boenninghoff, B., Nickel, R. M., Zeiler, S., & Kolossa, D. (2019) · IEEE International Conference on Acoustics Speech and Signal Processing · doi:10.1109/icassp.2019.8683405 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Authorship Attribution in the Era of LLMs: Problems, Methodologies, and Challenges
Huang, B., Chen, C., & Shu, K. (2025) · ACM SIGKDD Explorations Newsletter · doi:10.1145/3715073.3715076 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Measuring Reputation and Influence in Online Social Networks: A Systematic Literature Review
Al-Yazidi, S. A., Berri, J., Al‐Qurishi, M., & Alrubaian, M. (2020) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2020.2999033 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
García-Díaz, J. A., Colomo‐Palacios, R., & Valencia‐García, R. (2021) · Future Generation Computer Systems · doi:10.1016/j.future.2021.12.011 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Improving author verification based on topic modeling
Potha, N., & Stamatatos, E. (2019) · Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology · doi:10.1002/asi.24183 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Self-citationAuthorship Classification in a Resource Constraint Language Using Convolutional Neural Networks
Hossain, M. R., Hoque, M. M., Dewan, M. A. A., Siddique, N. H., Islam, N., & Sarker, I. H. (2021) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2021.3095967 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
DeepStyle: User Style Embedding for Authorship Attribution of Short Texts
Hu, Z., Lee, R. K.-W., Wang, L., Lim, E., & Dai, B. (2020) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-60290-1_17 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Theóphilo, A., Pereira, L. A. M., & Rocha, A. D. R. (2019) · IEEE International Conference on Acoustics Speech and Signal Processing · doi:10.1109/icassp.2019.8683747 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Self-citationA review on authorship attribution in text mining
Zheng, W., & Jin, M. (2022) · Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews Computational Statistics · doi:10.1002/wics.1584 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
An Overview of Recent Work in Multimedia Forensics
Bhagtani, K., Yadav, A. K. S., Bartusiak, E. R., Xiang, Z., Shao, R., Baireddy, S., & Delp, E. J. (2022) · IEEE International Conference on Multimedia Information Processing and Retrieval (MIPR) · doi:10.1109/mipr54900.2022.00064 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Recent approaches on authorship attribution techniques — An overview
Swain, S., Mishra, G., & Sindhu, C. (2017) · International Conference on Electronics, Communication and Aerospace Technology (ICECA) · doi:10.1109/iceca.2017.8203599 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Score and Rank Level Fusion Algorithms for Social Behavioral Biometrics
Tumpa, S. N., & Gavrilova, M. L. (2020) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2020.3018958 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Writer Identification Using Microblogging Texts for Social Media Forensics
Alonso‐Fernandez, F., Belvisi, N. M. S., Hernandez‐Diaz, K., Muhammad, N., & Bigün, J. (2021) · IEEE Transactions on Biometrics Behavior and Identity Science · doi:10.1109/tbiom.2021.3078073 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Islam, U., Alwageed, H. S., Farooq, M. M. U., Khan, I. U., Awwad, F. A. A., Ali, I., & Abonazel, M. R. (2023) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s23125626 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
$CAG$ : Stylometric Authorship Attribution of Multi-Author Documents Using a Co-Authorship Graph
Sarwar, R., Urailertprasert, N., Vannaboot, N., Yu, C., Rakthanmanon, T., Chuangsuwanich, E., & Nutanong, S. Y. (2020) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2020.2967449 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Overcoming the challenge for text classification in the open world
Doan, T., & Kalita, J. K. (2017) · IEEE Annual Computing and Communication Workshop and Conference (CCWC) · doi:10.1109/ccwc.2017.7868366 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Digital forensic readiness framework based on behavioral-biometrics for user attribution
Ikuesan, R. A., & Venter, H. S. (2017) · IEEE Conference on Application, Information and Network Security (AINS) · doi:10.1109/ains.2017.8270424 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Score-based likelihood ratios for linguistic text evidence with a bag-of-words model
Ishihara, S. (2021) · Forensic Science International · doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2021.110980 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Verifying authorship for forensic purposes: A computational protocol and its validation
Juola, P. (2021) · Forensic Science International · doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2021.110824 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
A Scientometric Study of the Stylometric Research Field
Michailidis, P. D. (2022) · Informatics · doi:10.3390/informatics9030060 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Stacked authorship attribution of digital texts
Custódio, J. E., & Paraboni, I. (2021) · Expert Systems with Applications · doi:10.1016/j.eswa.2021.114866 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Authorship Attribution of Social Media Messages
Theophilo, A., Giot, R., & Rocha, A. (2023) · IEEE Transactions on Computational Social Systems · doi:10.1109/tcss.2021.3123895 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Self-citationAn Ensemble Approach to Cross-Domain Authorship Attribution
Custódio, J. E., & Paraboni, I. (2019) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-28577-7_17 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Domain-based Latent Personal Analysis and its use for impersonation detection in social media
Mokryn, O., & Shoshan, H. B. (2021) · User Modeling and User-Adapted Interaction · doi:10.1007/s11257-021-09295-7 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Information Extraction Framework for Disability Determination Using a Mental Functioning Use-Case
Zirikly, A., Desmet, B., Newman-Griffis, D. R., Marfeo, E. E., McDonough, C. M., Goldman, H. H., & Chan, L. E. (2022) · JMIR Medical Informatics · doi:10.2196/32245 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Kaur, R., Singh, S., & Kumar, H. (2020) · Applied Soft Computing · doi:10.1016/j.asoc.2020.106770 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
An Effective and Scalable Framework for Authorship Attribution Query Processing
Sarwar, R., Yu, C., Tungare, N., Chitavisutthivong, K., Sriratanawilai, S., Xu, Y., Chow, D., Rakthanmanon, T., & Nutanong, S. Y. (2018) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2018.2869198 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Ishihara, S., & Carne, M. J. (2022) · Forensic Science International · doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2022.111268 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Automated Twitter Author Clustering with Unsupervised Learning for Social Media Forensics
Shao, S., Tunc, C., Alshawi, A., & Hariri, S. (2019) · IEEE/ACS International Conference on Computer Systems and Applications (AICCSA) · doi:10.1109/aiccsa47632.2019.9035286 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Novel authorship verification model for social media accounts compromised by a human
Alterkavı, S., & Erbay, H. (2021) · Multimedia Tools and Applications · doi:10.1007/s11042-020-10361-2 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Authorship Attribution of Microtext Using Capsule Networks
Suman, C., Raj, A., Saha, S., & Bhattacharyya, P. (2021) · IEEE Transactions on Computational Social Systems · doi:10.1109/tcss.2021.3067736 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
A Methodology For Large-Scale Identification of Related Accounts in Underground Forums
Cabrero-Holgueras, J., & Pastrana, S. (2021) · Computers & Security · doi:10.1016/j.cose.2021.102489 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Authorship Attribution in Portuguese Using Character N-grams
Markov, I., Baptista, J., & Pichardo-Lagunas, O. (2017) · Acta Polytechnica Hungarica · doi:10.12700/aph.14.3.2017.3.4 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Post-Authorship Attribution Using Regularized Deep Neural Network
Modupe, A., Çelik, T., Marivate, V. N., & Olugbara, O. O. (2022) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app12157518 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
A transfer learning approach to cross-domain authorship attribution
Barlas, G., & Stamatatos, E. (2021) · Evolving Systems · doi:10.1007/s12530-021-09377-2 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Self-citationStylometric analysis of classical Arabic texts for genre detection
Al-Yahya, M. M. (2018) · The Electronic Library · doi:10.1108/el-11-2017-0236 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Ishihara, S. (2022) · Digital Scholarship in the Humanities · doi:10.1093/llc/fqac008 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Authorship attribution using author profiling classifiers
Deutsch, C., & Paraboni, I. (2022) · Natural Language Engineering · doi:10.1017/s1351324921000383 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Authorship Analysis of Social Media Contents Using Tone and Personality Features
Athira, U., & Thampi, S. M. (2017) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-72389-1_18 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Counteracting the contemporaneous proliferation of digital forgeries and fake news
FERREIRA, A., CARVALHO, T., ANDALÓ, F., & ROCHA, A. (2019) · Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências · doi:10.1590/0001-3765201820180149 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Topic Confusion Task: A Novel Evaluation Scenario for Authorship Attribution
Altakrori, M., Cheung, J. C. K., & Fung, B. C. M. (2021) · Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: EMNLP 2021 · doi:10.18653/v1/2021.findings-emnlp.359 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Enriching feature engineering for short text samples by language time series analysis
Tang, Y., Blincoe, K., & Kempa-Liehr, A. W. (2020) · EPJ Data Science · doi:10.1140/epjds/s13688-020-00244-9 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Litvinova, T., Litvinova, O., & Seredin, P. V. (2018) · Conference of Open Innovations Association (FRUCT) · doi:10.23919/fruct.2018.8588092 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Explainable Artificial Intelligence for Authorship Attribution on Social Media
Theóphilo, A., Padilha, R., Andaló, F., & Rocha, A. D. R. (2022) · IEEE International Conference on Acoustics Speech and Signal Processing · doi:10.1109/icassp43922.2022.9746262 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Self-citationBlue Skies from (X?s) Pain: A Digital Forensic Analysis of Threads and Bluesky
Brown, J., Onik, A. R., & Baggili, I. (2024) · Proceedings of the 19th International Conference on Availability, Reliability and Security · doi:10.1145/3664476.3670904 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Synthetic unknown class learning for learning unknowns
Jang, J. (2024) · Pattern Recognition · doi:10.1016/j.patcog.2024.110560 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Shafi, I., Din, S., Hussain, Z., Ashraf, I., & Choi, G. S. (2021) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2021.3094532 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Cho, S., Kim, D., Kwon, H.-C., & Kim, M. (2024) · Forensic Science International Digital Investigation · doi:10.1016/j.fsidi.2024.301814 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Authorship Attribution of Russian Forum Posts with Different Types of N-gram Features
Litvinova, T., Litvinova, O., & Panicheva, P. (2019) · International Conference on Natural Language Processing and Information Retrieval (NLPIR) · doi:10.1145/3342827.3342834 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Authorship Attribution in Russian in Real-World Forensics Scenario
Panicheva, P., & Litvinova, T. (2019) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-31372-2_25 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Khan, T. F., Anwar, W., Arshad, H., & Abbas, S. N. (2023) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2023.3299565 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Moving Towards Open Set Incremental Learning: Readily Discovering New Authors
Leo, J., & Kalita, J. K. (2020) · Advances in intelligent systems and computing · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-39442-4_54 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Marko, K. (2022) · Frontiers in Communication · doi:10.3389/fcomm.2022.840646 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
A Inteligência Artificial e os desafios da Ciência Forense Digital no século XXI
Padilha, R., Theóphilo, A., Andaló, F., Vega‐Oliveros, D. A., Cardenuto, J. P., Bertocco, G. C., Nascimento, J., Yang, J., & Rocha, A. D. R. (2021) · Estudos Avançados · doi:10.1590/s0103-4014.2021.35101.009 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Self-citationJang, J. (2022) · Soft Computing · doi:10.1007/s00500-022-07625-4 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Same or Different? Diff-Vectors for Authorship Analysis
Corbara, S., Moreo, A., & Sebastiani, F. (2023) · ACM Transactions on Knowledge Discovery from Data · doi:10.1145/3609226 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Hossain, M. R., Hoque, M. M., Dewan, M. A. A., Hoque, E., & Siddique, N. H. (2024) · Expert Systems with Applications · doi:10.1016/j.eswa.2024.125643 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Authorship Attribution via Coupon-Collector-Type Indices
Zheng, L., & Zheng, H. (2019) · Journal of Quantitative Linguistics · doi:10.1080/09296174.2019.1577939 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Author Clustering with and Without Topical Features
Panicheva, P., Litvinova, O., & Litvinova, T. (2019) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-26061-3_36 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
A Transformer-Based Approach to Authorship Attribution in Classical Arabic Texts
AlZahrani, F., & Al-Yahya, M. M. (2023) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app13127255 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Authorship attribution for textual data on online social networks
Banga, R., & Mehndiratta, P. (2017) · International Conference on Contemporary Computing · doi:10.1109/ic3.2017.8284311 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Mao, Y. L., Zhu, Y., Liu, Y., Lin, Q., Lü, H., & Zhang, F. (2020) · Enterprise Information Systems · doi:10.1080/17517575.2020.1856420 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Author Identification of Micro-Messages via Multi-Channel Convolutional Neural Networks
Aykent, S., & Dozier, G. V. (2020) · Conference proceedings/Conference proceedings - IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics · doi:10.1109/smc42975.2020.9283214 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Community Detection Framework Using Deep Learning in Social Media Analysis
Shen, A., & Chow, K.-P. (2024) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app142411745 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
EACH-USP Ensemble Cross-domain Authorship Attribution: Notebook for PAN at CLEF 2018.
Custódio, J. E., & Paraboni, I. (2018) · CLEF (Working Notes) · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Alterkavı, S., & Erbay, H. (2021) · Security and Communication Networks · doi:10.1155/2021/8869681 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Binary background model with geometric mean for author-independent authorship verification
Canbay, P., Sezer, E. A., & Sever, H. (2021) · Journal of Information Science · doi:10.1177/01655515211007710 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Authorship Analysis of Online Social Media Content
Kaur, R., Singh, S., & Kumar, H. (2018) · Lecture notes in networks and systems · doi:10.1007/978-981-13-1217-5_52 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Teacher–Explorer–Student Learning: A Novel Learning Method for Open Set Recognition
Jang, J., & Kim, C. O. (2023) · IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems · doi:10.1109/tnnls.2023.3336799 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Fusing linguistic and acoustic information for automated forensic speaker comparison
Sergidou, E.-K., Ypma, R. J. F., Rohdin, J., Worring, M., Geradts, Z., & Bosma, W. (2024) · Science & Justice · doi:10.1016/j.scijus.2024.07.001 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
RusIdiolect: A New Resource for Authorship Studies
Litvinova, T. (2021) · Lecture notes in networks and systems · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-66093-2_2 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Real-time privacy risk quantification in online social networks
Halimi, A., & Ayday, E. (2021) · IEEE/ACM International Conference on Advances in Social Networks Analysis and Mining (ASONAM) · doi:10.1145/3487351.3488272 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Comparative Analysis of the Use of Pre-Trained Models to Profile Authors’ Ages and Genders
Alzahrani, E., Qurashi, M. A., & Jololian, L. (2022) · IEEE International Conference on Computing and Machine Intelligence (ICMI) · doi:10.1109/icmi55296.2022.9873677 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Ishihara, S. (2023) · Science & Justice · doi:10.1016/j.scijus.2022.12.007 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Frequent-words analysis for forensic speaker comparison
Sergidou, E.-K., Scheijen, N., Leegwater, A. J., Cambier-Langeveld, T., & Bosma, W. (2023) · Speech Communication · doi:10.1016/j.specom.2023.03.010 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Puspitasari, D., Fakhrurroja, H., & Sutrisno, A. (2023) · International Conference on Advancement in Data Science, E-learning and Information System (ICADEIS) · doi:10.1109/icadeis58666.2023.10271069 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Author Attribution Using Network Motifs
Rozz, Y. A., & de Menezes, R. P. (2018) · Springer proceedings in complexity · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-73198-8_17 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Authorship Attribution for Online Social Media
Banga, R., Bhardwaj, A., Peng, S., & Shrivastava, G. (2018) · Advances in business information systems and analytics book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-5225-5097-6.ch008 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Authorship Verification on Short Text Samples Using Stylometric Embeddings
Jasper, J., Berger, P., Hennig, P., & Meinel, C. (2018) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-11027-7_7 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Regex: an experimental approach for searching in cyber forensic
Sharma, P., & Nagpal, B. (2019) · International Journal of Information Technology · doi:10.1007/s41870-019-00401-y · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Corbara, S., Moreo, A., Sebastiani, F., & Tavoni, M. (2022) · Journal on Computing and Cultural Heritage · doi:10.1145/3485822 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Explainable Authorship Identification in Cultural Heritage Applications
Setzu, M., Corbara, S., Monreale, A., Moreo, A., & Sebastiani, F. (2024) · Journal on Computing and Cultural Heritage · doi:10.1145/3654675 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
- Authors
- Rocha, A., Scheirer, W. J., Forstall, C. W., Cavalcante, T., Theophilo, A., Shen, B., Carvalho, A. R. B., & Stamatatos, E.
- Affiliations
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP) (BR)
- University of Notre Dame (US)
- University of the Aegean (GR)
- Venue
- IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security
- Published
- 2017-01
- Volume
- 12
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 5-33
- ISSN
- 1556-6013 (ISSN-L)
- 1556-6021
- OpenAlex
- W2508310662
- Cited by
- 222
- References
- 207
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 25 · 2022: 22 · 2021: 39 · 2020: 43 · 2019: 28 · 2018: 27 · 2017: 14
- FWCI
- 18.95
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Brazilian Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education and Personnel — CAPES (DeepEyes project)
- São Paulo Research Foundation – FAPESP (through the DéjàVu Project) (15/19222-9)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Authorship Attribution and Profiling
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Information Systems › User Authentication and Security Systems
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Mental Health via Writing
- Keywords
- authorship attribution, social media forensics, stylistic analysis, user identification, anonymity, multimodal data, forensic text analysis
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
