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A review of portable FES-based neural orthoses for the correction of drop foot
Abstract
This paper reviews the technological developments in neural orthoses for the correction of upper motor neurone drop foot since 1961, when the technique was first proposed by Liberson and his co-workers. Drop foot stimulator (DFS) developments are reviewed starting with hard-wired single-channel and multichannel surface functional electrical stimulation (FES) systems, followed by implanted drop foot stimulators, and then continuing with microprocessor-based surface and implanted drop foot stimulators. The review examines the role of artificial and "natural" sensors as replacements for the foot-switch as the primary control sensor in drop foot stimulators. DFS systems incorporating real-time control of FES and completely implanted DFS systems finish the review.
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“These peaks were not as well defined compared to the CVs of activated iridium oxide in et al [1].”
From Flexible Nerve Stimulation Electrode With Iridium Oxide Sputtered on Liquid Crystal Polymer (2009) · cites this paper as [1]
In the citing paper
“Similar multiple peaks had been reported by Cogan et al. [1] and Slavcheva et al. [2].”
From Flexible Nerve Stimulation Electrode With Iridium Oxide Sputtered on Liquid Crystal Polymer (2009) · cites this paper as [1]
In the citing paper
“However, these peaks indicated an active Ir(IV) + e− ⇋ Ir(III) charge transfer mechanism.”
From Flexible Nerve Stimulation Electrode With Iridium Oxide Sputtered on Liquid Crystal Polymer (2009) · cites this paper as [1]
In the citing paper
“The charge storage capacity of the iridium oxide electrodes here was observed to be larger than the charge storage capacity obtained with activated iridium oxide films reported by Agnew et al [4] and sputtered iridium oxide films reported by Cogan et al. [1]”
From Flexible Nerve Stimulation Electrode With Iridium Oxide Sputtered on Liquid Crystal Polymer (2009) · cites this paper as [1]
In the citing paper
“The morphology and structure of the iridium oxide on the LCP substrate electrodes were markedly different compared to the cauliflower morphology reported by Cogan et al [1]and Slavcheva et al [2].”
From Flexible Nerve Stimulation Electrode With Iridium Oxide Sputtered on Liquid Crystal Polymer (2009) · cites this paper as [1]
In the citing paper
“Impedance testing of the sputtered iridium oxide films also revealed Bode plots with slightly higher impedances compared the sputtered iridium oxide films reported by Cogan et al. [1] and Slavcheva et al [2], but lower compared to electrodeposited and activated iridium oxide films [3].”
From Flexible Nerve Stimulation Electrode With Iridium Oxide Sputtered on Liquid Crystal Polymer (2009) · cites this paper as [1]
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Functional Electrical Stimulation for Neuromuscular Applications
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Metadata
- Authors
- Lyons, G. M., Sinkjaer, T., Burridge, J. H., & Wilcox, D. J.
- Affiliations
- University of Limerick (IE)
- University of Southampton (GB)
- Ollscoil na Gaillimhe – University of Galway (IE)
- ORCID
- Burridge, J.H.
- Venue
- IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering
- Published
- 2002-12
- Volume
- 10
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 260-279
- ISSN
- 1534-4320 (ISSN-L)
- 1558-0210
- OpenAlex
- W2165067332
- Cited by
- 277
- References
- 48
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 20 · 2016: 17 · 2015: 20 · 2014: 16 · 2013: 19 · 2012: 13
- FWCI
- 5.82
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- VBN Forskningsportal (Aalborg Universitet) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Rehabilitation › Stroke Rehabilitation and Recovery
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Prosthetics and Rehabilitation Robotics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neural Engineering
- Keywords
- foot drop, functional electrical stimulation, upper motor neuron lesion, surface stimulation
- MeSH terms
- Electrodes, Implanted, Electric Stimulation Therapy, Equipment Design, Foot, Humans, Microelectrodes, Miniaturization, Orthotic Devices, Peroneal Nerve, Therapy, Computer-Assisted, Transducers, Muscle, Skeletal, Gait Disorders, Neurologic
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