Cited by 892Advanced Wireless Communication TechnologiesMillimeter-Wave Propagation and ModelingAdvanced Antenna and Metasurface Technologies

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Beyond Massive MIMO: The Potential of Data Transmission With Large Intelligent Surfaces

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Hu, Sha, Rusek, Fredrik, Edfors, Ove·2018·IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing

DOI 10.1109/tsp.2018.2816577

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Abstract

In this paper, we consider the potential of data transmission in a system with a massive number of radiating and sensing elements, thought of as a contiguous surface of electromagnetically active material. We refer to this as a large intelligent surface (LIS), which is a newly proposed concept and conceptually goes beyond contemporary massive MIMO technology. First, we consider capacities of single-antenna autonomous terminals communicating to the LIS where the entire surface is used as a receiving antenna array in a perfect line-of-sight propagation environment. Under the condition that the surface area is sufficiently large, the received signal after a matched-filtering operation can be closely approximated by a sinc-function-like intersymbol interference channel. Second, we analyze a normalized capacity measured per unit surface, for a fixed transmit power per volume unit with different terminal deployments. As terminal density increases, the limit of the normalized capacity [nats/s/Hz/volume-unit] achieved when wavelength λ approaches zero is equal to half of the transmit power per volume unit divided by the noise spatial power spectral density. Third, we show that the number of independent signal dimensions that can be harvested per meter deployed surface is 2/λ for one-dimensional terminal deployment, and π/λ2per square meter for two- and three-dimensional terminal deployments. Finally, we consider implementations of the LIS in the form of a grid of conventional antenna elements, and show that the sampling lattice that minimizes the surface area and simultaneously obtains one independent signal dimension for every spent antenna is the hexagonal lattice.

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Authors: Hu, S., Rusek, F., & Edfors, O.
Affiliations: Lund University (SE)
ORCID: Hu, Sha
Rusek, Fredrik
Edfors, Ove
Venue: IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing
Publisher: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
Published: 2018-05-15
Volume: 66
Issue: 10
Pages: 2746-2758
ISSN: 1053-587X (ISSN-L)
1941-0476
DOI: 10.1109/tsp.2018.2816577
OpenAlex: W2735938380
Cited by: 892
References: 59
Citations by year: 2026: 33 · 2025: 87 · 2024: 127 · 2023: 154 · 2022: 140 · 2021: 147 · 2020: 112 · 2019: 63 · 2018: 29
FWCI: 33.59
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
arxiv.org
Licence: ieeexplore.ieee.org/Xplorehelp/downloads/license-information/IEEE.html (vor)
Locations: IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing (publishedVersion)
arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
Lund University Publications (Lund University) (submittedVersion)
arXiv (Cornell University)
Topics: Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Advanced Wireless Communication Technologies
Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Millimeter-Wave Propagation and Modeling
Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Advanced Antenna and Metasurface Technologies
Keywords: large intelligent surfaces, massive MIMO, channel capacity, single-antenna terminals, matched filter, terminal density, hexagonal lattice, antenna arrays, line-of-sight propagation

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Beyond Massive MIMO: The Potential of Data Transmission With Large Intelligent Surfaces

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