What Will 5G Be?
Open accessAbstract
What will 5G be? What it will not be is an incremental advance on 4G. The previous four generations of cellular technology have each been a major paradigm shift that has broken backward compatibility. Indeed, 5G will need to be a paradigm shift that includes very high carrier frequencies with massive bandwidths, extreme base station and device densities, and unprecedented numbers of antennas. However, unlike the previous four generations, it will also be highly integrative: tying any new 5G air interface and spectrum together with LTE and WiFi to provide universal high-rate coverage and a seamless user experience. To support this, the core network will also have to reach unprecedented levels of flexibility and intelligence, spectrum regulation will need to be rethought and improved, and energy and cost efficiencies will become even more critical considerations. This paper discusses all of these topics, identifying key challenges for future research and preliminary 5G standardization activities, while providing a comprehensive overview of the current literature, and in particular of the papers appearing in this special issue.
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5G networks are aimed at providing a 1000-fold increase in aggregate throughput and a 10-fold increase in individual link throughput relative to 4G wireless networks.
“The 5G networks are aimed at providing a 1000-fold increase in the aggregate throughput and a 10-fold increase in the individual link throughput relative to the 4 th Generation (4G) wireless networks [46].”
From Quantum Machine Learning for 6G Communication Networks: State-of-the-Art and Vision for the Future (2019) · cites this paper as [46]
The “Data Rate” section supports a roughly 1000-fold increase in aggregate data rate from 4G to 5G. It does not support the claimed 10-fold increase in individual-link throughput: it describes the 5G edge-rate goal as about 100-fold above 4G, and the same section says per-link rates will increase by about 100-fold. (LLM, conf=0.93)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredBlockchain with immutable and decentralized transaction ledgers can enable distributed massive communication with high security and trustworthiness.
“In this regard, blockchain with its immutable and decentralized transaction ledgers can enable distributed massive communication with high security and trustworthiness [20].”
From Blockchain for 5G and beyond networks: A state of the art survey (2020) · cites this paper as [20]
Blockchain has great potential in solving privacy issues in 5G networks and services due to its decentralization, traceability, availability and trust capabilities.
“Blockchain with its decentralization, traceability, availability and trust capabilities has been demonstrated widely its great potential in solving privacy issues in 5G networks and services [20].”
From Blockchain for 5G and beyond networks: A state of the art survey (2020) · cites this paper as [20]
Blockchain mainly offers three main security services: access control, data integrity and authentication.
“Considering the state of the art literature [20], blockchain mainly offers three main security services, including access control, data integrity and authentication, which will be summarized as follows.”
From Blockchain for 5G and beyond networks: A state of the art survey (2020) · cites this paper as [20]
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Sharma, S. K., Bogale, T. E., Le, L. B., Chatzinotas, S., Wang, X., & Ottersten, B. (2018) · IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials · doi:10.1109/comst.2017.2773628 · Cited by 248 · see citing works
Network function virtualization in 5G
Abdelwahab, S., Hamdaoui, B., Guizani, M., & Znati, T. (2016) · IEEE Communications Magazine · doi:10.1109/mcom.2016.7452271 · Cited by 232 · see citing works
How 5g wireless (and concomitant technologies) will revolutionize healthcare?
Latif, S., Qadir, J., Farooq, S., & Imran, M. (2017) · Future Internet · doi:10.3390/fi9040093 · Cited by 219 · see citing works
Data-Driven Computing and Caching in 5G Networks: Architecture and Delay Analysis
Chen, M., Qian, Y., Hao, Y., Li, Y., & Song, J. (2018) · IEEE Wireless Communications · doi:10.1109/mwc.2018.1700216 · Cited by 195 · see citing works
Ye, J. (2020) · JMIR Medical Informatics · doi:10.2196/19866 · Cited by 194 · see citing works
Intelligence in IoT-Based 5G Networks: Opportunities and Challenges
Javaid, N., Sher, A., Nasir, H., & Guizani, N. (2018) · IEEE Communications Magazine · doi:10.1109/mcom.2018.1800036 · Cited by 189 · see citing works
Future generation 5G wireless networks for smart grid: a comprehensive review
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Learning Radio Resource Management in RANs: Framework, Opportunities, and Challenges
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Softwarization and virtualization in 5G mobile networks: benefits, trends and challenges
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Zuo, Y., Wu, Y., Min, G., Huang, C., & Pei, K. (2020) · IEEE Transactions on Cognitive Communications and Networking · doi:10.1109/tccn.2020.2966615 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Task Offloading With Multi-Tier Computing Resources in Next Generation Wireless Networks
Wang, K., Jin, J., Yang, Y., Zhang, T., Nallanathan, A., Tellambura, C., & Jabbari, B. (2023) · IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications · doi:10.1109/jsac.2022.3227102 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
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An NFV-Based Video Quality Assessment Method over 5G Small Cell Networks
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QoE-Driven, Energy-Aware Video Adaptation in 5G Networks: The SELFNET Self-Optimisation Use Case
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Namugenyi, E. E., Sansa Otim, J., Zennaro, M., Wolthusen, S., & Nsabagwa, M. (2025) · Frontiers in the Internet of Things · doi:10.3389/friot.2025.1520653 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
- Authors
- Andrews, J. G., Buzzi, S., Choi, W., Hanly, S. V., Lozano, A., Soong, A. C. K., & Zhang, J. C.
- Affiliations
- The University of Texas at Austin (US)
- Università degli studi di Cassino e del Lazio Meridionale (IT)
- Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KR)
- Macquarie University (AU)
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (ES)
- Huawei Technologies (United States) (US)
- ORCID
- Venue
- IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications
- Published
- 2014-06
- Volume
- 32
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 1065-1082
- ISSN
- 0733-8716 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2054692642
- Cited by
- 8,106
- References
- 165
- Citations by year
- 2026: 227 · 2025: 367 · 2024: 349 · 2023: 404 · 2022: 566 · 2021: 749 · 2020: 913 · 2019: 1062 · 2018: 1094 · 2017: 1070 · 2016: 820 · 2015: 419 · 2014: 66
- FWCI
- 1206.94
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- hdl.handle.net
- Locations
- IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications (publishedVersion)
- Repositori digital de la UPF (Universitat Pompeu Fabra) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Archivio Istituzionale della Ricerca - Università degli Studi di Cassino (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- University of Texas at Austin
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Media Technology › Telecommunications and Broadcasting Technologies
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Networks and Communications › Software-Defined Networks and 5G
- Keywords
- 5G, cellular technology, paradigm shift, backward compatibility, air interface, spectrum sharing, LTE, spectrum regulation, energy efficiency, cost efficiency, 5G standardization, high carrier frequency, base station density
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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