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Beyond Massive MIMO: The Potential of Data Transmission With Large Intelligent Surfaces
Open accessAbstract
In this paper, we consider the potential of data transmission in a system with a massive number of radiating and sensing elements, thought of as a contiguous surface of electromagnetically active material. We refer to this as a large intelligent surface (LIS), which is a newly proposed concept and conceptually goes beyond contemporary massive MIMO technology. First, we consider capacities of single-antenna autonomous terminals communicating to the LIS where the entire surface is used as a receiving antenna array in a perfect line-of-sight propagation environment. Under the condition that the surface area is sufficiently large, the received signal after a matched-filtering operation can be closely approximated by a sinc-function-like intersymbol interference channel. Second, we analyze a normalized capacity measured per unit surface, for a fixed transmit power per volume unit with different terminal deployments. As terminal density increases, the limit of the normalized capacity [nats/s/Hz/volume-unit] achieved when wavelength λ approaches zero is equal to half of the transmit power per volume unit divided by the noise spatial power spectral density. Third, we show that the number of independent signal dimensions that can be harvested per meter deployed surface is 2/λ for one-dimensional terminal deployment, and π/λ2per square meter for two- and three-dimensional terminal deployments. Finally, we consider implementations of the LIS in the form of a grid of conventional antenna elements, and show that the sampling lattice that minimizes the surface area and simultaneously obtains one independent signal dimension for every spent antenna is the hexagonal lattice.
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“In addition, RIS can be integrated with transceivers to make use of the entire surface for both transmission and reception, as shown in Fig. 2(a), enabling holographic MIMO (HMIMO) communications [49], [50].”
From Emerging Technologies in Intelligent Metasurfaces: Shaping the Future of Wireless Communications (2026) · cites this paper as [50]
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“To characterize the fundamental performance limits of HMIMO communications, Hu et al. [50] considered a LoS propagation environment and demonstrated that the maximum spatial DoF is π/λ 2 per square meter for 2D terminal deployments.”
From Emerging Technologies in Intelligent Metasurfaces: Shaping the Future of Wireless Communications (2026) · cites this paper as [50]
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Li, D., Li, S., Wu, G., & Zhao, C. (2023) · PeerJ Computer Science · doi:10.7717/peerj-cs.1207 · Cited by 1
Al-Jasim, M. R., & Çevik, M. (2022) · International Conference on Artificial Intelligence of Things (ICAIoT) · doi:10.1109/icaiot57170.2022.10121872 · Cited by 1
Scheduling for Industrial Control Traffic Using Massive MIMO and Large Intelligent Surfaces
Fitzgerald, E., & Pióro, M. (2023) · International Workshop on Resilient Networks Design and Modeling (RNDM) · doi:10.1109/rndm59149.2023.10293135 · Cited by 1
A Study Of Large Intelligent Surfaces in Rician Fading Channels
Morar, Y., Pillay, N., & Xu, H. (2023) · International Conference on Electrical, Computer and Energy Technologies (ICECET) · doi:10.1109/icecet58911.2023.10389328 · Cited by 1
Scheduling of Industrial Control Traffic for Dynamic RAN Slicing with Distributed Massive MIMO
Fitzgerald, E., & Pióro, M. (2024) · Future Internet · doi:10.3390/fi16030071 · Cited by 1
Alegría, J. V., Vieira, J., & Rusek, F. (2023) · Globecom · doi:10.1109/globecom54140.2023.10437638 · Cited by 1
Self-citationShi, C., Li, Y., & Tao, R. (2024) · IEEE International Conference on Acoustics Speech and Signal Processing · doi:10.1109/icassp48485.2024.10445990 · Cited by 1
Mao, Y., Xiao, X., & Hu, Z. (2024) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2024.3401454 · Cited by 1
Performance Analysis of Large Intelligent Surface Enabled 6G Wireless Networks
Amgad, M., Farrag, S., Maher, E. A., & El‐Mahdy, A. (2023) · International Conference on Smart Cities 4.0 · doi:10.1109/smartcities4.056956.2023.10526141 · Cited by 1
Co-PARAFAC: A Novel Cost-Efficient Scalable Tensor Decomposition Algorithm
Shams, F., Lottici, V., & Tian, Z. (2024) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2024.3440633 · Cited by 1
Parameterized Separate Channel Reconstruction in RIS-Assisted Multi-User MIMO OFDM Systems
Ling, T., Han, Y., Li, X., Tian, J., & Jin, S. (2024) · IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology · doi:10.1109/tvt.2024.3443602 · Cited by 1
Metadata
- Authors
- Hu, S., Rusek, F., & Edfors, O.
- Affiliations
- Lund University (SE)
- Venue
- IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing
- Published
- 2018-05-15
- Volume
- 66
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 2746-2758
- ISSN
- 1053-587X (ISSN-L)
- 1941-0476
- OpenAlex
- W2735938380
- Cited by
- 892
- References
- 59
- Citations by year
- 2026: 33 · 2025: 87 · 2024: 127 · 2023: 154 · 2022: 140 · 2021: 147 · 2020: 112 · 2019: 63 · 2018: 29
- FWCI
- 33.59
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- arxiv.org
- Locations
- IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing (publishedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
- Lund University Publications (Lund University) (submittedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Advanced Wireless Communication Technologies
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Millimeter-Wave Propagation and Modeling
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Advanced Antenna and Metasurface Technologies
- Keywords
- large intelligent surfaces, massive MIMO, channel capacity, single-antenna terminals, matched filter, terminal density, hexagonal lattice, antenna arrays, line-of-sight propagation
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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