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Cited by 166Language Development and DisordersReading and Literacy DevelopmentDevelopmental and Educational Neuropsychology

Trajectories of language delay from age 3 to 5: Persistence, recovery and late onset

Zambrana, Imac Maria, Pons, Francisco, Eadie, Patricia, Ystrom, Eivind·2014·International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders
DOI 10.1111/1460-6984.12073
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Abstract

Background: Knowledge is scarce on what contributes to whether children with early language delay (LD) show persistent, recovering or sometimes late‐onset LD without a prior history of early LD in subsequent preschool years. Aims: To explore whether an integrative model of vital risk factors, including poor early communication skills, family history of language‐related difficulties and male gender, predicts the development of persistent, recovering or late‐onset LD trajectories from 3 to 5 years quantitatively and qualitatively differently. Methods & Procedures: LD was assessed by maternal reports on the Ages and Stages Questionnaire at 3 and 5 years for 10 587 children in The Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study. Children were classified across time as having no, late onset, transient or persistent LD. Multinomial logistic regression analyses included the integrative model of vital risk factors and covariates. Outcome & Results: Across time, 3%, 5% and 6.5% of the children displayed persistent, transient and late‐onset LD, respectively. The odds for persistent LD were doubled for boys and children with low language comprehension at 1.5 years; and tripled by late‐talking familial risk. These same odds decreased for transient LD, and even further for late‐onset LD. Familial risk for writing and reading difficulties especially increased the odds for late‐onset and persistent LD, while familial risk of unintelligible speech increased the odds for transient LD. Although girls had on average far better language comprehension than boys, low language comprehension was a stronger risk factor for persistent LD in girls. Conclusions & Implications: Preschool LD trajectories were uniquely predicted from the integrative risk model of poor early communicative skills, family history and male gender. This might benefit identification of different LD trajectories by supporting broader severe vulnerability for persistent LD, milder vulnerability for transient LD, and possibly a specific risk for reading and learning difficulties for children with late‐onset LD.

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Authors
Zambrana, I. M., Pons, F., Eadie, P., & Ystrom, E.
Affiliations
  • Norwegian Institute of Public Health (NO)
  • University of Oslo (NO)
  • The University of Melbourne (AU)
  • Division of Mental Health Norwegian Institute of Public Health Oslo Norway
Corresponding author
Zambrana, Imac Maria
ORCID
Venue
International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders
Publisher
Wiley
Published
2013-12-31
Volume
49
Issue
3
Pages
304-316
ISSN
  • 1368-2822 (ISSN-L)
  • 1460-6984
DOI
10.1111/1460-6984.12073
OpenAlex
W1573914869
Cited by
166
References
26
Citations by year
2026: 6 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 17 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 37 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 12 · 2014: 2
FWCI
15.12
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Licence
onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor)
Locations
  • International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders
  • National Institutes of Health (n01es75558-11-0-1)
  • National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (UO1 NS 047537–01, U01NS047537)
  • National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (N0-ES-75 558)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Language Development and Disorders
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Reading and Literacy Development
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology › Developmental and Educational Neuropsychology
Keywords
language delay, preschool children, familial risk, male gender, language comprehension, early communication skills, risk factors
MeSH terms
Age Factors, Child, Preschool, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Language Development Disorders, Male, Prognosis, Remission, Spontaneous, Risk Factors

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