Diurnal Patterns of Unpleasant Mood: Associations with Neuroticism, Depression, and Anxiety
Abstract
The literature on symptoms of depression has included diurnal changes in mood. The morning‐worse pattern is commonly mentioned. This pattern is often associated with endogenous or vegetative symptoms (e.g., weight and appetite loss, loss of pleasure, psychomotor retardation). However, depression researchers have also identified an evening‐worse pattern of mood. This pattern is sometimes thought to be associated with milder depressive symptoms, and may characterize chronic dysthymia rather than clinical depression. The present study examines a nonclinical sample to test the hypothesis that an evening‐worse diurnal pattern of mood would be associated with trait neuroticism, anxiety, and subclinical depressive symptoms. An experience sampling methodology was employed to assess mood three times a day for 60 consecutive days. This allowed us to calculate a reliable aggregate score for diurnal mood patterns. The evening‐worse pattern was associated with many neurotic features, with scores on depression and anxiety measures, and with a cognitive style indicative of hopelessness. Discussion focuses on how an evening‐worse diurnal pattern of mood may be indicative of mild subclinical depression, chronic dysthymia, or personality traits associated with negative affectivity.
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Patients with major depressive disorder typically express more severe symptoms in the morning, which is considered to be associated with a more severe form of depression.
“Patients with MDD typically express more severe symptoms in the morning, which is considered to be associated with a more severe form of depression80.”
From Circadian rhythm disruption and mental health (2020) · cites this paper as [80]
Symptoms of depression demonstrate diurnal variations, with patients exhibiting a morning-worse or evening-worse pattern.
“Symptoms of depression demonstrate diurnal variations; patients exhibit symptoms in a morning-worse or evening-worse pattern80.”
From Circadian rhythm disruption and mental health (2020) · cites this paper as [80]
Depression symptoms are diurnal, with the most severe symptoms typically occurring in the morning.
“Depression symptoms are also diurnal with the most severe symptoms occurring typically in the morning (Rusting and Larsen, 1998)”
From Circadian genes, rhythms and the biology of mood disorders (2007) · cites this paper as Rusting and Larsen, 1998
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Calderwood, C. C. (2009) · SMARTech Repository (Georgia Institute of Technology) · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Dispositional negativity in the wild: Social environment governs momentary emotional experiencePreprint
Shackman, A. J., Weinstein, J. S., Hudja, S., Bloomer, C. D., Barstead, M. G., Lemay, E. P., & Fox, A. S. (2017) · doi:10.31219/osf.io/df9q4 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Sintomatología ansioso depresiva y su relación con la temporalidad
Gutiérrez, D. J. G. (2010) · doi:10.14201/gredos.76492
Emotional stability and attributional style: Relationship and implications for research and practice
Poropat, A. E. (2000) · Griffith Research Online
A Case of Bright Light Therapy in a Treatment Resistant Patient with Major Depressive Disorder
Cheong, C.-K., Kim, S.-J., & Lee, J. H. (2015) · 신경정신의학 · doi:10.4306/jknpa.2015.54.4.600
Circadian Dysregulation: A Mainstream Mess of the Present World
Mehta, P., Kaur, G., Thakur, N., & Kaur, N. (2021) · Journal of Pharmaceutical Research International · doi:10.9734/jpri/2021/v33i54b33786
“People affected with MDD often show additionalextremesigns in the morning, which is supposed to be related to furtherdrastic depression [56].”
BackgroundDispositional negativity in the wild: Social environment governs momentary emotional experiencePreprint
Shackman, A. J. (2017) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/36ngk
Yığıt, S., Nursal, A. F., Özsoy, F., Duman, E., & Ustaoğlu, M. S. (2023) · Nucleosides Nucleotides & Nucleic Acids · doi:10.1080/15257770.2023.2282572
“[11] Biological rhythms are disrupted as the signs of MDD.”
BackgroundThe Human SCN in Health and Age-Related Neurological Disorders
Rizvi, S. I., & Majumdar, G. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-97-6695-6_7
Mood, Motivation, and Emotion Regulation
Alfano, C. A., & Palmer, C. A. (2025) · doi:10.1093/med/9780197756782.003.0024
Hou, Y., ZHANG, Y., Chao, H., Hui, S., & Meng, P. (2026) · Brain Research Bulletin · doi:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2026.111821
Aggestrup, A. S., Svendsen, S. D., Nørregaard, L. B., Løventoft, P. K., Knorr, U. B., Frøkjær, E., Hageman, I., Faurholt‐Jepsen, M., Kessing, L. V., Skovgaard, L. T., et al. (2026) · npj Biological Timing and Sleep · doi:10.1038/s44323-026-00100-5
- Authors
- Rusting, C. L., & Larsen, R. J.
- Affiliations
- University of Michigan (US)
- Venue
- Journal of Personality
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 1998-02
- Volume
- 66
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 85-103
- ISSN
- 0022-3506 (ISSN-L)
- 1467-6494
- OpenAlex
- W2170809338
- Cited by
- 102
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 4 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 1 · 2015: 2 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 1 · 2012: 3
- FWCI
- 2.99
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Personality (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (5r01mh042057-07, 5k01mh000704-06)
- National Institute of Mental Health (KO1-MH00704, R01-MH42057)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Mental Health Research Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
- Keywords
- neuroticism, anxiety, subthreshold depression, hopelessness, negative affectivity, non-clinical sample, ecological momentary assessment
- MeSH terms
- Affect, Anxiety Disorders, Circadian Rhythm, Depressive Disorder, Female, Humans, Male, Neurotic Disorders, Periodicity
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