Circadian affective, cardiopulmonary, and cortisol variability in depressed and nondepressed individuals at risk for cardiovascular disease
Open accessAbstract
Depression is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD) perhaps mediated by hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis or vagal dysregulation. We investigated circadian mood variation and HPA-axis and autonomic function in older (55 years) depressed and nondepressed volunteers at risk for CVD by assessing diurnal positive and negative affect (PA, NA), cortisol, and cardiopulmonary variables in 46 moderately depressed and 19 nondepressed volunteers with elevated CVD risk. Participants sat quietly for 5-min periods (10:00, 12:00, 14:00, 17:00, 19:00, and 21:00), and then completed an electronic diary assessing PA and NA. Traditional and respiration-controlled heart rate variability (HRV) variables were computed for these periods as an index of vagal activity. Salivary cortisols were collected at waking, waking+30min, 12:00, 17:00, and 21:00h. Cortisol peaked in the early morning after waking, and gradually declined over the day, but did not differ between groups. PA was lower and NA was higher in the depressed group throughout the day. HRV did not differ between groups. Negative emotions were inversely related to respiratory sinus arrhythmia in nondepressed participants. We conclude that moderately depressed patients do not show abnormal HPA-axis function. Diurnal PA and NA distinguish depressed from nondepressed individuals at risk for CVD, while measures of vagal regulation, even when controlled for physical activity and respiratory confounds, do not. Diurnal mood variations of older individuals at risk for CVD differ from those reported for other groups and daily fluctuations in NA are not related to cardiac autonomic control in depressed individuals.
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A negative correlation between negative affect and heart rate variability was observed only in the control group.
“Interestingly, a negative correlation between NA and heart rate variability (HRV) was observed only in the control group, suggesting that constant NA may alter the normal interaction between affectivity and the autonomic nervous system [31].”
From Current state and future directions of technology-based ecological momentary assessment and intervention for major depressive disorder: a systematic review (2019) · cites this paper as [31]
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- Authors
- Conrad, A., Wilhelm, F. H., Roth, W. T., Spiegel, D., & Taylor, C. B.
- Affiliations
- United States Department of Veterans Affairs (US)
- University of Basel (CH)
- Stanford Medicine (US)
- Corresponding author
- Wilhelm, Frank H.
- Venue
- Journal of Psychiatric Research
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2008-07
- Volume
- 42
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 769-777
- ISSN
- 0022-3956 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2478702
- OpenAlex
- W2105385349
- Cited by
- 41
- References
- 48
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 4 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 1 · 2016: 1 · 2015: 2 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 1.17
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Journal of Psychiatric Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- edoc (University of Basel) (submittedVersion)
- edoc (University of Basel)
- Funders
- Foundation for the National Institutes of Health
- Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung
- National Institute on Aging (AG18784, P01AG018784)
- National Center for Research Resources (M01RR000070)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Heart Rate Variability and Autonomic Control
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiac Health and Mental Health
- Keywords
- depression, cardiovascular risk, circadian rhythm, positive affect, negative affect, salivary cortisol, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, heart rate variability, parasympathetic activity, respiratory sinus arrhythmia, autonomic function, older adults
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Affect, Cardiovascular Diseases, Circadian Rhythm, Depression, Electrocardiography, Female, Heart Rate, Humans, Hydrocortisone, Male, Middle Aged, Surveys and Questionnaires, Risk Factors, Saliva
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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