The DOI matches its Crossref record; 2 of the 2 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The Emerging Meanings of Religiousness and Spirituality: Problems and Prospects
Open accessAbstract
This article examines traditional and modern psychological characterizations of religiousness and spirituality. Three ways in which religiousness and spirituality are polarized by contemporary theorists are examined: organized religion versus personal spirituality; substantive religion versus functional spirituality; and negative religiousness versus positive spirituality. An alternative approach to understanding religiousness and spirituality is presented that integrates rather than polarizes these constructs, and sets boundaries to the discipline while acknowledging the diversity of religious and spiritual expressions. Directions for future investigations of these two constructs are presented.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Religion and spirituality: unfuzzying the fuzzy
Zinnbauer, B. J., Pargament, K. I., Cole, B., Rye, M. S., Butter, E. M., Belavich, T. G., Hipp, K. M., Scott, A. B., & Kadar, J. L. (1997) · Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion · doi:10.2307/1387689 · Cited by 1,543
Self-citationA Culturally Sensitive Diagnostic Category in the DSM-IV
TURNER, R. P., LUKOFF, D., BARNHOUSE, R. T., & LU, F. G. (1995) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/00005053-199507000-00003 · Cited by 227 · cited 2×
“Traditionally, psychologists of religion have not distinguished spirituality from religiousness (Turner et al., 1995).”
Background
Cited by
Toward a theory of spiritual leadership
Fry, L. W. (2003) · The Leadership Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2003.09.001 · Cited by 2,522
Peterman, A. H., Fitchett, G., Brady, M. J., Hernandez, L., & Cella, D. (2002) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1207/s15324796abm2401_06 · Cited by 1,751
Conceptualizing religion and spirituality: points of commonality, points of departure
Hill, P. C., Pargament, K. I., Hood, R. W., McCullough, Jr., Swyers, J. P., Larson, D. B., & Zinnbauer, B. J. (2000) · Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour · doi:10.1111/1468-5914.00119 · Cited by 1,623
Self-citationSpiritual values and practices related to leadership effectiveness
Reave, L. (2005) · The Leadership Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2005.07.003 · Cited by 834
Dent, E. B., Higgins, M. E., & Wharff, D. M. (2005) · The Leadership Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2005.07.002 · Cited by 466
Metadata
- Authors
- Zinnbauer, B. J., Pargament, K. I., & Scott, A. B.
- Venue
- Journal of Personality
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 1999-12
- Volume
- 67
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 889-919
- ISSN
- 0022-3506 (ISSN-L)
- 1467-6494
- OpenAlex
- W2165556961
- Cited by
- 928
- References
- 2
- FWCI
- 6.36
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: The Emerging Meanings of Religiousness and Spirituality: Problems and Prospects. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1111/1467-6494.00077
- The paper
- Zinnbauer, B. J., Pargament, K. I., & Scott, A. B. (1999). The Emerging Meanings of Religiousness and Spirituality: Problems and Prospects. Journal of Personality. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-6494.00077
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
