Life in and after the Armed Forces: social networks and mental health in the UK military

Hatch, Stephani L.; Harvey, Samuel B.; Dandeker, Christopher; Burdett, Howard; Greenberg, Neil; Fear, Nicola T.; Wessely, Simon

doi:10.1111/1467-9566.12022

Cited by 132Education and Military IntegrationPosttraumatic Stress Disorder ResearchMental Health Treatment and Access

Life in and after the Armed Forces: social networks and mental health in the UK military

Hatch, Stephani L., Harvey, Samuel B., Dandeker, Christopher, Burdett, Howard, Greenberg, Neil, Fear, Nicola T., Wessely, Simon·2013·Sociology of Health & Illness

DOI 10.1111/1467-9566.12022

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Abstract

This study focuses on the influence of structural aspects of social integration (social networks and social participation outside work) on mental health (common mental disorders (CMD), that is, depression and anxiety symptoms, post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms and alcohol misuse). This study examines differences in levels of social integration and associations between social integration and mental health among service leavers and personnel still in service. Data were collected from regular serving personnel (n = 6511) and regular service leavers (n = 1753), from a representative cohort study of the Armed Forces in the UK. We found that service leavers reported less social participation outside work and a general disengagement with military social contacts in comparison to serving personnel. Service leavers were more likely to report CMD and PTSD symptoms. The increased risk of CMD but not PTSD symptoms, was partially accounted for by the reduced levels of social integration among the service leavers. Maintaining social networks in which most members are still in the military is associated with alcohol misuse for both groups, but it is related to CMD and PTSD symptoms for service leavers only.

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Suicidality is elevated among veterans in Australia, U.S. and UK, and documented suicide rates are significantly higher among veterans compared to both serving members and the general population.
“Suicidality has also been shown to be elevated among veterans in Australia, U.S. and UK [16–18], with documented suicide rates shown to be significantly higher among veterans when compared to both serving members and the general population [19].”
From Feasibility, acceptability, and initial outcomes of a psychological adjustment and reintegration program for transitioned military veterans (2024) · cites this paper as [16]

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BackgroundResult
Combat-Acquired Traumatic Brain Injury, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, and Their Relative Associations With Postdeployment Binge Drinking
Adams, R. S., Larson, M. J., Corrigan, J. D., Ritter, G. A., Horgan, C. M., Bray, R. M., & Williams, T. V. (2014) · Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation · doi:10.1097/htr.0000000000000082 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Delivering treatment to morally injured UK military personnel and Veterans: The clinician experience
Williamson, V., Murphy, D., Stevelink, S. A. M., Allen, S., Jones, E., & Greenberg, N. L. (2021) · Military Psychology · doi:10.1080/08995605.2021.1897495 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“These findings are broadly consistent with the previous literature in military samples; for example, difficulties transitioning from the Armed Forces has been found to be associated with a range of poor mental health outcomes (Diehle & Williamson, 2019; Hatch et al., 2013).”
ResultSelf-citation
Life course well-being framework for suicide prevention in Canadian Armed Forces Veterans
Thompson, J. M., Heber, A., VanTil, L. D., Simkus, K., Carrese, L., Sareen, J., & Pedlar, D. (2019) · Journal of Military Veteran and Family Health · doi:10.3138/jmvfh.2018-0020 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Transitioning to civilian life: The importance of social group engagement and identity among Australian Defence Force veterans
Barnett, A., Savic, M., Forbes, D., Best, D., Sandral, E., Bathish, R., Cheetham, A., & Lubman, D. I. (2022) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/00048674211046894 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“There is a growing corpus of research examining how veterans’ engagements with social groups influence their mental health outcomes (Cederbaum et al., 2017; Ciarleglio et al., 2018; Evans et al., 2010; Hatch et al., 2013).”
Background
Rationale and Methodology of the 2018 Canadian Armed Forces Members and Veterans Mental Health Follow-up Survey (CAFVMHS): A 16-year Follow-up Survey: Raison D’être Et Méthodologie De L’enquête De Suivi Sur La Santé Mentale Des Membres Des Forces Armées Canadiennes Et Des Anciens Combattants, 2018 (ESSMFACM)
Afifi, T. O., Bolton, J. M., Mota, N. P., Marrie, R. A., Stein, M. B., Enns, M. W., El-Gabalawy, R. M., Bernstein, C. N., Mackenzie, C. S., VanTil, L. D., et al. (2020) · The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/0706743720974837 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Offending behaviour, health and wellbeing of military veterans in the criminal justice system
Short, R., Dickson, H., Greenberg, N. L., & MacManus, D. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0207282 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“Higher prevalence rates of common mental disorders, such as depression and anxiety, among Armed Forces personnel may be due to (or exacerbated by) the increased likelihood of exposure to stressors within their service roles [43], and/or the psychosocial stress associated with transition out of the military and back in…”
BackgroundSelf-citation
A Design Construct of Developing Approaches to Measure Mental Health Conditions
Islam, M. R., Miah, S. J., Kamal, A. R. M., & Burmeister, O. K. (2019) · AJIS. Australasian journal of information systems/AJIS. Australian journal of information systems/Australian journal of information systems · doi:10.3127/ajis.v23i0.1829 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Exploring the trajectory and correlates of social isolation for veterans across a 6-month period during COVID-19
McGuire, A., Elmore, C., Szabo, Y. Z., Kurz, A. S., Mendoza, C., Umucu, E., & Creech, S. (2023) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0281575 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“Previous research indicates veterans are at risk for experiencing elevated levels of social isolation upon ending their military service and after re-entry into civilian life [2].”
Background
Bridging the Gap? Ex-Military Personnel and Military–Civilian Transition Within the Prison Workforce
Turner, J., & Moran, D. (2021) · Armed Forces & Society · doi:10.1177/0095327x211039879 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“It tends to focus on the mental and physical health problems that can lead to crime and incarceration (see Brewin et al., 2011; Hatch et al., 2013; Iversen & Greenberg, 2009; Iversen et al., 2007; Mansfield et al., 2011).”
BackgroundInfluential
Level of perceived social support, and associated factors, in combat-exposed (ex-)military personnel: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Grover, L. E., Williamson, C., Burdett, H. J., Palmer, L., & Fear, N. T. (2024) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-024-02685-3 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
“Studies have shown that experiencing medical discharge or involuntary termination is associated with reduced social group engagement [22, 23].”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Probable post-traumatic stress disorder and harmful alcohol use among male members of the British Police Forces and the British Armed Forces: a comparative study
Irizar, P., Stevelink, S. A. M., Pernet, D., Gage, S. H., Greenberg, N. L., Wessely, S. C., Goodwin, L., & Fear, N. T. (2021) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008198.2021.1891734 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“Military organizations are referred to as ‘greedy institutions’, with extensive demands for commitment and dedication, leading to the development of a strong military identity and group cohesion, with traditions and rituals encouraging heavy drinking to increase social bonding within the unit (Hatch et al., 2013).”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Interpersonal emotion regulation strategies: Enabling flexibility in high‐stress work environments
Gagnon, S., & Monties, V. (2022) · Journal of Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1002/job.2660 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Association between social support and mental health conditions in treatment-seeking Veterans and Canadian Armed Forces personnel
Ketcheson, F., King, L., & Richardson, J. D. (2018) · Journal of Military Veteran and Family Health · doi:10.3138/jmvfh.2017-0001 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“Managing the Migration From Military to Civil Society”
Maharajan, K., & Krishnaveni, R. (2016) · Armed Forces & Society · doi:10.1177/0095327x16629160 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Risk and protective effects of social networks on alcohol use problems among Army Reserve and National Guard soldiers
Goodell, E. M. A., Johnson, R. M., Latkin, C. A., Homish, D. L., & Homish, G. G. (2019) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2019.106244 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Social isolation and loneliness of UK veterans: a Delphi study
Leslie, C., McGill, G., Kiernan, M. D., & Wilson, G. (2020) · Occupational Medicine · doi:10.1093/occmed/kqaa105 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“It is acknowledged in the 2018 UK’s Veteran Strategy, that there is a lack of research looking at the issues of social isolation and loneliness in the Armed Forces Community (13), and therefore the research acknowledged above is primarily non-peer reviewed evidence, and non-UK based.”
BackgroundInfluential
Soldier, civilian, criminal: identifying pathways to offending of ex-armed forces personnel in prison
Wainwright, V., Mcdonnell, S., Lennox, C., Shaw, J. J., & Senior, J. (2016) · Psychology Crime and Law · doi:10.1080/1068316x.2016.1181175 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“This loss, and the social isolation felt as a result, has been linked to an increased risk of common mental health problems (Hatch et al., 2013).”
Background
What does the literature say about the needs of veterans in the areas of health?
Hynes, C., & Thomas, M. D. (2016) · Nurse Education Today · doi:10.1016/j.nedt.2016.08.001 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“Hatch et al. (2013) concluded from their study that service leavers had reduced social participation and an overall disengagement with military social networks when compared to serving personnel.”
Background
Out of sight out of mind: an examination of mental health problems in UK military reservists and veterans
Diehle, J., Williamson, V., & Greenberg, N. L. (2019) · Journal of Mental Health · doi:10.1080/09638237.2019.1581348 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Self-citation
The evolution of PTSD symptoms in serving and ex-serving personnel of the UK armed forces from 2004 to 16: A longitudinal examination
Palmer, L., Norton, S., Rona, R. J., Fear, N. T., & Stevelink, S. A. M. (2022) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2022.11.007 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Self-citation
Challenging missions: vulnerable veterans leaving the armed forces and promising avenues to support them
Duel, J., Godier-McBard, L. R., MacLean, M. B., & Fossey, M. J. (2019) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-815312-3.00006-1 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Life in the army reserves – the balance of work, training and physical activity: an ethnographic study
Mann, G. J., & Brinkley, A. (2020) · Qualitative Research in Sport Exercise and Health · doi:10.1080/2159676x.2020.1831579 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“Social identity, belonging and cohesion are known to predict greater mental health and wellbeing in military settings (Hatch et al. 2013).”
Background
Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis of Soldiers’ Experiences of Being Married and Serving in the British Army
Keeling, M., Woodhead, C., & Fear, N. T. (2015) · Marriage & Family Review · doi:10.1080/01494929.2015.1124353 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“To achieve the Army’s goal of protecting the country it serves, it has to be an overtly masculine organization (Hatch et al., 2013; Hockey, 1986).”
BackgroundSelf-citation
U.K. Army Medical and Unit Welfare Officers' Perceptions of Mental Health Stigma and Its Impact on Army Personnel's Mental Health Help Seeking
Keeling, M., Bull, S., Thandi, G., Brooks, S. K., & Greenberg, N. L. (2017) · Military Behavioral Health · doi:10.1080/21635781.2017.1310682 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“Military culture encourages attitudes of toughness, mission focus, and self and group based reliance (Hatch et al., 2013).”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Housing Needs of Ageing Veterans Who Have Experienced Limb Loss
Wilson, G., McGill, G., Osborne, A. K., & Kiernan, M. D. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17051791 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“This comprehensive network of veteran-specific services cater for the unique health and social care challengers that military amputees face during their recovery, rehabilitation and throughout the rest of their lives [6].”
Background
Focusing on the mental health of treatment-seeking veterans
Murphy, D., & Busuttil, W. (2017) · Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps · doi:10.1136/jramc-2017-000844 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
What's so special about military veterans?
Greenberg, N. L. (2014) · International Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/s174936760000463x · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Self-citation
Understanding Resilience as It Affects the Transition from the UK Armed Forces to Civilian Life
Cox, K., Grand-Clément, S., Galai, K., Flint, R., & Hall, A. (2018) · Rand health quarterly · doi:10.7249/rhq-08-02-08 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Family carers’ experiences of participating in a weight management programme for overweight children and adolescents with intellectual disabilities: An exploratory study
Lee, R., Brown, M. J., Leung, C., Chen, H., Louie, L. H.-T., Chen, J., & Lee, P. H. (2018) · Journal of Advanced Nursing · doi:10.1111/jan.13845 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“The limited maintenance of behavioral change seen in initial intervention efforts may be due to the failure to consider all these contextual factors, such as social support and social networks via socialization (Hatch et al., 2013).”
Background
Feasibility, acceptability, and initial outcomes of a psychological adjustment and reintegration program for transitioned military veterans
Romaniuk, M., Saunders-Dow, E., Brown, K., & Batterham, P. J. (2024) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-024-02097-7 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“In Australia, military veterans adjusting to civilian life are twice as likely to report high psychological distress and have significantly higher mental health symptoms compared to serving military members [16.17].”
BackgroundInfluential
Psychosocial factors associated with psychological distress and functional difficulties in recently transitioned and current serving regular Australian Defence Force members
Hansen, C., McFarlane, A., Iannos, M., Sadler, N., Benassi, H., Lawrence-Wood, E., Hodson, S., Searle, A., & Van Hooff, M. (2020) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112860 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“Much of the international research on ex-serving military members has consistently highlighted higher rates of disorder and poorer mental and physical health and wellbeing outcomes among those who have transitioned (compared to those who remain in service) (Hatch et al., 2013; Jones et al., 2013; Pinder et al., 2012;…”
Background
Trajectories of alcohol misuse among the UK Armed Forces over a 12‐year period
Palmer, L., Norton, S., Jones, M., Rona, R. J., Goodwin, L., & Fear, N. T. (2021) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/add.15592 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“having fewer responsibilities) and exposure to in-service drinking cultures where social drinking is common [34,35].”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Health and well-being of serving and ex-serving UK Armed Forces personnel: protocol for the fourth phase of a longitudinal cohort study
Sharp, M., Jones, M., Leal, R., Hull, L., Franchini, S., Molloy, N., Burdett, H. J., Simms, A., Parkes, S., Leightley, D., et al. (2023) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2023-079016 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Self-citation
Soldiering on only goes so far: how a qualitative study on veteran loneliness in New Zealand influenced that support during COVID-19 lockdown
Austin, G., Calvert, T., Fasi, N., Fuimaono, R., Galt, T., Jackson, S., Lepaio, L., Liu, B., Ritchie, D., Theis, N., et al. (2020) · Journal of Military Veteran and Family Health · doi:10.3138/jmvfh-co19-0007 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Military veterans’ experiences of NHS mental health services
Fraser, E. (2017) · Journal of Public Mental Health · doi:10.1108/jpmh-06-2016-0028 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“…to enable patients to transition smoothly into civilian life; some veterans struggle to adjust to leaving the military and there is a risk that specific services will increase dependency and delay successful transition, unless they are appropriately designed and delivered (Hatch et al., 2013).”
Background
Childhood determinants of past-year anxiety and depression in recently transitioned military personnel
Sheriff, R. S., Hooff, M. V., Malhi, G. S., Grace, B. S., & McFARLANE, A. C. (2020) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2020.04.053 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Rejection Sensitivity Mediates the Relationship Between Social-Interpersonal Stressors and Depressive Symptoms in Military Context
Jia, W., Cheng, X., Xu, K., Xu, H., Wang, H., & Feng, Z. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00447 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Health and Wellbeing Cohort Study of Serving and Ex-Serving UK Armed Forces Personnel: Phase 4 ProtocolPreprint
Sharp, M., Jones, M., Leal, R., Hull, L., Franchini, S., Molloy, N., Burdett, H. J., Simms, A., Parkes, S., Leightley, D., et al. (2023) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2023.08.17.23294221 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“4 combat experiences (16), a military culture of alcohol use (17), and difficulties experienced during and after transition to civilian life, such as a poor integration into civilian life and limited social support (18).”
BackgroundSelf-citation
The Military to Civilian Transition: Exploring Experiences of Transitions to ‘Civvy Street’ and Implications for the Self
Morris, J., & Hanna, P. (2023) · Journal of Veterans Studies · doi:10.21061/jvs.v9i3.458 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
The challenges of leaving: Reintegration difficulties and negative mental health outcomes in UK Armed Forces Veterans residing in Northern Ireland
McGlinchey, E., Spikol, E., Robinson, M., Ross, J., & Armour, C. (2024) · Journal of Military Veteran and Family Health · doi:10.3138/jmvfh-2023-0066 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
The association between perceived social support and mental health in combat-injured and uninjured male UK (ex-)military personnel: A cross-sectional study
Grover, L. E., Schofield, S. J., Burdett, H. J., Palmer, L., Bennett, A. N., Bull, A. M. J., Boos, C. J., Cullinan, P., Fear, N. T., Kaya-Barge, M., et al. (2024) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2024.09.017 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Self-citation
The prison as a postmilitary landscape
Moran, D., & Turner, J. (2021) · Social & Cultural Geography · doi:10.1080/14649365.2021.1983860 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“…and spatial changes’ (Herman & Yarwood, 2014, pp. 41–2, 49), with some facing feelings of abandonment and dislocation, and sometimes mental health and physical health problems (see Brewin et al., 2011; Buckman et al., 2012; Hatch et al., 2013; Iversen & Greenberg, 2009; Iversen et al., 2007).”
Background
Development and psychometric evaluation of the mental readiness for military transition scale (MT-Ready)
Romaniuk, M., Fisher, G., Sunderland, M., & Batterham, P. J. (2023) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-023-05032-z · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“Similar findings have also been reported in studies from the US and UK, indicating that as service members separate from the military, the rates of mental disorder and suicide sharply increase [18, 20, 23].”
Service evaluation of a Human Givens Therapy service for veterans
Burdett, H. J., & Greenberg, N. L. (2019) · Occupational Medicine · doi:10.1093/occmed/kqz045 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“This finding is very much in keeping with previous research showing that good social networks are protective of mental health in veterans [17].”
ResultSelf-citation
Suicidal ideation in male UK military personnel who sustained a physical combat injury in Afghanistan and the mediating role of leaving service: The ADVANCE cohort study
Dyball, D. M., Williamson, C., Bennett, A. N., Schofield, S. J., Boos, C. J., Bull, A. M. J., Cullinan, P., & Fear, N. T. (2024) · International Journal of Social Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/00207640241264195 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“However, it is noted that involvement in the military community (Vogt et al., 2022) or social participation outside of employment (Hatch et al., 2013) I n j u r e d ( n = 576 ) A m pu t a t i o n i n j u r y s ub g r o up ( n = 160 ) N o n - a m pu t a t i o n i n j u r y s ub g r o up ( n = 416 )…”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Barriers and Facilitators to Successful Transition to Civilian Life for Ex‐Servicewomen: The Perspective of Service Providers and Policymakers
Croak, B., Rafferty, L., Sharp, M., Smith, A. C., Khan, R., Langston, V., Greenberg, N. L., Fear, N. T., & Stevelink, S. A. M. (2025) · Health & Social Care in the Community · doi:10.1155/hsc/2327743 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“Lower levels of social integration in ex-service personnel have been associated with common mental disorders (CMD) such as anxiety and depression [6].”
Self-citation
Health needs of ex-military personnel in the UK: a systematic review and qualitative synthesis
Senior, S. L. (2018) · Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps · doi:10.1136/jramc-2018-001101 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“The loss of social networks in the transition from military to civilian life may also contribute to risk of mental illness (study 19).(23)”
Background
The effect of traumatic-like stress exposure on alterations in the temporal social behavior of a rodent population
Han, M., Luo, H., Bai, Y., Zheng, S., Li, F., Fu, J., Jiang, S., Liu, Z., & Zheng, X. (2019) · Stress · doi:10.1080/10253890.2019.1702642 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Reservists and Veterans: Viewed from Within and Without
Griffith, J. E., Connelly, V. J., Catignani, S., & Johansson, E. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-02866-4_34-1 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Preliminary Exploration of the Relationship between Veteran Family Membership, School Climate, and Adverse Outcomes among School-Aged Youth
Sullivan, K. S., Dodge, J., Williamson, V., Alves-Costa, F., Barr, N., Kintzle, S. M., Fear, N. T., & Castro, C. C. (2021) · Education and Urban Society · doi:10.1177/00131245211027363 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“Mental ill health can develop or become more severe on leaving military service due to a loss of social support and difficulties transitioning (Diehle et al., 2019; Hatch et al., 2013).”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Effects of Social Network Characteristics on Mental Health Outcomes Among United States Army Reserve and National Guard Soldiers
Vest, B. M., Goodell, E. M. A., Homish, D. L., & Homish, G. G. (2022) · Community Mental Health Journal · doi:10.1007/s10597-021-00935-1 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“Among UK military members, having a network of mostly other military members was related to greater alcohol misuse, and increased odds of common mental disorders and PTSD among former soldiers (Hatch et al., 2013).”
BackgroundResultInfluential
Identifying Service-Related Predictors of Community Reintegration Difficulties in Northern Irish Military Veterans
Spikol, E., Ross, J., McGlinchey, E., & Armour, C. (2022) · Armed Forces & Society · doi:10.1177/0095327x221112963 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“…al., 2019) but such endemic social support is not present in NI (Armour et al., 2018) As veterans may withdrawal from social contact after service (Hatch et al., 2013), feeling a shift in identity outside the military “bubble” (Gordon et al., 2020), lack of perceived support may negatively affect…”
Background
‘Applied Social Prescribing Practice: A Focused Arts Based Participatory Action Research Study of Military Veteran Transition Into Civilian Life’
Graham, Y., Plouviez, A., Clelland, A., Fox, A., Fowler, G., SARGENT, J. R., & Hayes, C. (2022) · Journal of Participatory Research Methods · doi:10.35844/001c.37612 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Inclusive management of ex-servicemen in India: Satisfaction of air force veterans from resettlement facilities with special reference to Tamil Nadu
Maharajan, K., & Krishnaveni, R. (2016) · IIMB Management Review · doi:10.1016/j.iimb.2016.11.001 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
The mental health of military veterans in the UK
Burdett, H. J., Greenberg, N. L., Fear, N. T., & Jones, N. (2014) · International Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/s1749367600004665 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“As in other settings, reporting poor social networks is linked to poor mental health (Hatch et al, 2013).”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Mental health in the UK Armed Forces
Nicholson, P. J., & McLoughlin, D. C. (2019) · Occupational Medicine · doi:10.1093/occmed/kqz129 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Current perspectives on the mental health of UK military personnel and veterans
Juškaitė, S., Stone, J., Greenberg, N. L., Dyball, D. M., & Fear, N. T. (2025) · British Medical Bulletin · doi:10.1093/bmb/ldaf003 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“For veterans, maintaining social contacts with actively serving personnel was associated with greater odds of reporting both probable CMD and PTSD compared to personnel still in service [36].”
Self-citation
Adverse mental health outcomes and alcohol misuse among UK Armed Forces personnel: fourth phase of a 20-year cohort study of military personnel who served during the Iraq and Afghanistan conflicts
Sharp, M., Jones, M., Franchini, S., Leal, R., Hull, L., Molloy, N., Burdett, H. J., Leightley, D., Simms, A., Stone, J., et al. (2026) · Occupational and Environmental Medicine · doi:10.1136/oemed-2025-110647 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Self-citation
Military Veterans’ Psychological Health and Physical Activity After Separation From Service
Waldhauser, K. J., Hives, B. A., Liu, Y., Puterman, E. M., Sharifian, N., Castañeda, S. F., Carey, F. R., Rull, R. P., & Beauchamp, M. R. (2025) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2025.04.012 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Average Military Service Length and Soldiers’ General Health
Taghva, A., Azizi, M., Rajabian, M. H., Khademi, M., Omid, A., Donyavi, V., & Rohani, S. M. (2014) · Journal of Archives in Military Medicine · doi:10.5812/jamm.20604 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Self-assessment of need for assistance with military-to-civilian transition
Thompson, J. M., Dursun, S., Lee, J. E. C., Skomorovsky, A., Lockhart, W., & MacLean, M. B. (2019) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-815312-3.00005-x · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Differentiating social environments of high-risk professionals and specialised nurses: a qualitative empirical study on social embeddedness
Geuzinge, R., Visse, M. A., Vermetten, E. H. G. J. M., & Duyndam, J. (2024) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008066.2024.2306792 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“However, several scholars of the military argue that military communities have similar basic social arrangements across cultures and throughout modern history (Braswell & Kushner, 2012), and, as shown in the discussion, other research ﬁ ndings from countries across the globe showed many similarities to our ﬁ ndings.”
Holding and rupture: Describing post-traumatic stress among former UK Army and Royal Marine personnel deployed to Iraq and Afghanistan
Palmer, L., Busuttil, W., Simms, A., Fear, N. T., & Stevelink, S. A. M. (2024) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0308101 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“Indeed, comradeship has been consistently identified as supportive of wellbeing and protecting against the development of mental health problems [54, 55].”
BackgroundSelf-citation
The return of the traumatized army veteran: a qualitative study of UK ex-servicemen in the aftermath of war, 1945 to 2000
Jones, E., Bhui, K. S., & Engelbrecht, A. (2019) · International Review of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/09540261.2019.1585767 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“The issue of reintegration was explored in relation to 1753 UK service leavers who were compared with regular serving personnel (Hatch et al., 2013).”
BackgroundInfluential
Stepped-down intervention programs to promote self-managed physical activity in military service veterans: A systematic review of randomised controlled trials
Gilson, N. D., Papinczak, Z. E., Mielke, G. I., Haslam, C., McKenna, J., & Brown, W. J. (2021) · Journal of science and medicine in sport · doi:10.1016/j.jsams.2021.06.008 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Mental Health, Sexual Orientation, and Perceived Social Network Support in Relation to Hazardous Alcohol Consumption Among Active Duty Military Men
Blair, C. S., Dunlap, S. L., Tzen, M., Castro, C. A., Goldbach, J. T., & Holloway, I. W. (2020) · American Journal of Men s Health · doi:10.1177/1557988320976306 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“This finding is consistent with research demonstrating that maintaining largely military social networks is associated with increased alcohol consumption among veterans (Hatch et al., 2013).”
Result
Understanding the Needs of Veterans with PTSD
Murphy, D., Busuttil, W., & Turgoose, D. (2018) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare6030100 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“After leaving the military, a lack of social support, taking longer to seeking help, unemployment and relationship difficulties have also been reported as risk factors for experiencing mental health difficulties [13].”
Background
Military healthcare professionals’ experience of transitioning into civilian employment: A heuristic inquiry
Whybrow, D., & Milligan, C. (2023) · Work · doi:10.3233/wor-220317 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“Not all service leavers experience a smooth transition, with those leaving the military more prone to mental health problems than those currently serving [9].”
The Role of Group Formation and Interpersonal Connections in Support: A Qualitative Analysis of Social Structures in Emergency Services Organizations and Hospital-Based Emergency Settings
Geuzinge, R., Visse, M. A., Duyndam, J., & Vermetten, E. H. G. J. M. (2024) · SAGE Open · doi:10.1177/21582440241297958 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
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Authors: Hatch, S. L., Harvey, S. B., Dandeker, C., Burdett, H., Greenberg, N., Fear, N. T., & Wessely, S.
Affiliations: King's College London (GB)
ORCID: Hatch, Stephani L.
Harvey, Samuel B.
Burdett, Howard
Greenberg, Neil
Fear, Nicola T.
Wessely, Simon
Venue: Sociology of Health & Illness
Publisher: Wiley
Published: 2013-01-29
Volume: 35
Issue: 7
Pages: 1045-1064
ISSN: 0141-9889 (ISSN-L)
1467-9566
DOI: 10.1111/1467-9566.12022
OpenAlex: W2148988246
Cited by: 132
References: 62
Citations by year: 2026: 6 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 18 · 2019: 18 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 1
FWCI: 32.13
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor)
Locations: Sociology of Health & Illness (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Research Portal (King's College London) (submittedVersion)
Funders: NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust/Institute of Cancer Research
National Institute for Health and Care Research (NF-SI-0512-10003)
National Institutes of Health
National Institute of Mental Health
Topics: Social Sciences › Education › Education and Military Integration
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Mental Health Treatment and Access
Keywords: military personnel, social integration, social networks, social participation (health and rehabilitation), common mental disorders, depression, anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder, alcohol abuse, British armed forces
MeSH terms: Adult, Alcoholism, Anxiety Disorders, Depression, Female, United Kingdom, Humans, Male, Mental Health, Military Personnel, Surveys and Questionnaires, Risk Factors, Social Support, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Veterans

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Life in and after the Armed Forces: social networks and mental health in the UK military

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