The DOI matches its Crossref record; 14 of the 14 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Small Business Credit Availability and Relationship Lending: The Importance of Bank Organisational Structure
Abstract
This paper models the inner workings of relationship lending, the implications for bank organisational structure, and the effects of shocks to the economic environment on the availability of relationship credit to small businesses. Relationship lending depends on the accumulation over time by the loan officer of `soft' information. Because the loan officer is the repository of this soft information, agency problems are created throughout the organisation that may best be resolved by structuring the bank as a small, closely‐held organisation with few managerial layers. The shocks analysed include technological innovations, regulatory regime shifts, banking industry consolidation, and monetary policy shocks.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Corporate financing and investment decisions when firms have information that investors do not have
Myers, S. C., & Majluf, N. S. (1984) · Journal of Financial Economics · doi:10.1016/0304-405x(84)90023-0 · Cited by 18,957
Credit Rationing in Markets with Imperfect Information
Stiglitz, J. E., & Weiss, A. (1981) · Columbia University · doi:10.7916/d8v12ft1 · Cited by 12,769
Financial intermediation and delegated monitoring
Diamond, D. W. (1984) · The Review of Economic Studies · doi:10.2307/2297430 · Cited by 8,476
MYERS, S. C. (1984) · The Journal of Finance · doi:10.1111/j.1540-6261.1984.tb03646.x · Cited by 7,526
Corporate Financing and Investment Decisions When Firms Have InformationThat Investors Do Not Have
Myers, S., & Majluf, N. (1984) · doi:10.3386/w1396 · Cited by 6,745
Inside the black box: the credit channel of monetary policy transmission
Bernanke, B. S., & Gertler, M. (1995) · Journal of Economic Perspectives · doi:10.1257/jep.9.4.27 · Cited by 4,211
N. Berger, A., & F. Udell, G. (1998) · Journal of Banking & Finance · doi:10.1016/s0378-4266(98)00038-7 · Cited by 3,690 · cited 5×
“data from the 1993 National Survey of Small Business Finance (adapted from Berger and Udell, 1998,”
InfluentialSelf-citationMonetary policy, business cycles, and the behavior of small manufacturing firms
Gertler, M., & Gilchrist, S. (1994) · The Quarterly Journal of Economics · doi:10.2307/2118465 · Cited by 2,547
The financial accelerator, and the flight to quality
Bernanke, B., Gertler, M., & Gilchrist, S. (1996) · The Review of Economics and Statistics · doi:10.2307/2109844 · Cited by 2,351
The importance of relationships to the availability of credit
Cole, R. A. (1998) · Journal of Banking & Finance · doi:10.1016/s0378-4266(98)00007-7 · Cited by 849
Some evidence on the empirical significance of credit rationing
Berger, A. N., & Udell, G. F. (1992) · Journal of Political Economy · doi:10.1086/261851 · Cited by 550
Self-citationEquilibrium loan pricing under the bank–client relationship
Greenbaum, S. I., Kanatas, G., & Venezia, I. (1989) · Journal of Banking & Finance · doi:10.1016/0378-4266(89)90061-7 · Cited by 339
The “credit crunch” and the availability of credit to small business
Hancock, D., & Wilcox, J. A. (1998) · Journal of Banking & Finance · doi:10.1016/s0378-4266(98)00040-5 · Cited by 247
MULTI-OFFICE BANK LENDING TO SMALL BUSINESSES: SOME NEW EVIDENCE
Keeton, W. R., & Keeton, W. R. (1995) · Unknown · doi:10.22004/ag.econ.131493 · Cited by 115
Research works printed but not linked: 70
- Acs, 1999, ‘The development and expansion of secondary markets for small businesses’
- Angelini, 1998, ‘Availability and cost for small businesses: customer relationships and credit cooperatives’, Journal of Banking and Finance, 22, 925, 10.1016/S0378-4266(98)00008-9 · DOI · Paper page
- Avery, 2000, ‘Bank consolidation and the provision of banking services: the case of small commercial loans’
- Berger, 2000, ‘The dynamics of market entry: the effects of mergers and acquisitions on entry in the banking industry’
- Berger, 2001, ‘The effects of geographic expansion on bank efficiency’, Journal of Financial Services Research, 19, 163, 10.1023/A:1011159405433 · DOI · Paper page
- Berger, 2000, ‘Globalization of financial institutions: evidence from cross‐border banking performance’, Brookings-Wharton Papers on Financial Services, 3, 23, 10.1353/pfs.2000.0001 · DOI
- Berger, 2001, ‘The effects of dynamic changes in bank competition on the supply of small business credit’
- Berger, 1995, ‘The transformation of the U.S. banking industry: what a long, strange trip it's been’, Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, 2, 55, 10.2307/2534612 · DOI
- Berger, 2001, ‘The ability of banks to lend to informationally opaque small businesses’, Journal of Banking and Finance, 25, 10.1016/S0378-4266(01)00189-3 · DOI · Paper page
- Berger, 2001, ‘Did U.S. bank supervisors get tougher during the credit crunch? Did they get easier during the banking boom? Did it matter to bank lending?’, 10.7208/chicago/9780226531939.003.0009 · DOI
- Berger, 2001, ‘The effect of market size structure on competition: the case of small business lending’
- Berger, 1998, ‘The effects of bank mergers and acquisitions on small business lending’, Journal of Financial Economics, 50, 187, 10.1016/S0304-405X(98)00036-1 · DOI · Paper page
- Berger, 1994, ‘Did risk‐based capital allocate bank credit and cause a “credit crunch” in the U.S.?’, Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, 26, 585, 10.2307/2077994 · DOI · Paper page
- Berger, 1995, ‘Relationship lending and lines of credit in small firm finance’, Journal of Business, 68, 351, 10.1086/296668 · DOI
- Berger, 1996, ‘Universal banking and the future of small business lending’
- Berlin, 1998, ‘On the profitability and cost of relationship lending’, Journal of Banking and Finance, 22, 873, 10.1016/S0378-4266(98)00033-8 · DOI
- Bizer, 1993, ‘Regulatory discretion and the credit crunch’
- Blackwell, 1997, ‘Banking relationships and the effect of monitoring on loan pricing’, Journal of Financial Research, 20, 275, 10.1111/j.1475-6803.1997.tb00249.x · DOI · Paper page
- Blanton, 1999, Business Access to Capital and Credit
- Bonaccorsi di Patti, 2000, ‘The effects of bank consolidation on small business lending: Evidence from market and firm data’
- Boot, 2000, ‘Relationship banking: what do we know?’, Journal of Financial Intermediation, 9, 7, 10.1006/jfin.2000.0282 · DOI · Paper page
- Carpenter, 2002, ‘Capital market imperfections, High‐tech investment, and new equity financing’, ECONOMIC JOURNAL, 102, F54, 10.1111/1468-0297.00683 · DOI · Paper page
- Cole, 1999, ‘Cookie‐cutter versus character: the micro structure of small business lending by large and small banks’
- Cole, 1998, ‘Banking consolidation and the availability of credit to small business’
- Cyrnak, 2000, ‘Non‐local lending to small businesses’
- Degryse, 2000, ‘Relationship lending within a bank‐based system: evidence from European small business data’, Journal of Financial Intermediation, 9, 90, 10.1006/jfin.1999.0278 · DOI
- DeYoung, 1999, ‘Youth, adolescence, and maturity at banks: credit availability to small business in an era of banking consolidation’, Journal of Banking and Finance, 23, 463, 10.1016/S0378-4266(98)00086-7 · DOI
- DeYoung, 1996, ‘Foreign‐owned banks in the U.S.: earning market share or buying it?’, Journal of Money, Credit, and Banking, 28, 622, 10.2307/2078074 · DOI
- Elsas, 1998, ‘Is relationship lending special? Evidence from credit‐file data in Germany’, Journal of Banking and Finance, 22, 1283, 10.1016/S0378-4266(98)00063-6 · DOI · Paper page
- Feldman, 1997, ‘Banks and a big change in technology called credit scoring’
- Ferri, 2000, ‘Bank‐firm relationships and allocative efficiency in northeastern and central Italy and in the south’, Journal of Banking and Finance, 24, 1067, 10.1016/S0378-4266(99)00118-1 · DOI
- Frame, 2001, ‘The effect of credit scoring on small business lending’, 10.2307/2673896 · DOI
- Hancock, 1995, ‘Bank balance sheet shocks and aggregate shocks: their dynamic effects on bank capital and lending’, Journal of Banking and Finance, 19, 661, 10.1016/0378-4266(94)00147-U · DOI
- Harhoff, 1998, ‘Lending relationships in Germany: empirical results from survey data’, Journal of Banking and Finance, 22, 1317, 10.1016/S0378-4266(98)00061-2 · DOI · Paper page
- Harhoff, 1998, ‘How many creditors does it take to tango?’
- Haynes, 1999, ‘Small business borrowing from large and small banks’
- Hauswald, 2000, ‘Relationship banking, loan specialization and competition’
- Jayaratne, 1999, ‘How important are small banks to small business lending? New evidence from a survey to small businesses’, Journal of Banking and Finance, 23, 427, 10.1016/S0378-4266(98)00085-5 · DOI
- Kashyap, 1997, ‘The role of banks in monetary policy: a survey with implications for the European Monetary Union’
- Keeton, 1996, ‘Do bank mergers reduce lending to businesses and farmers? New evidence from tenth district states’, Economic Review, 81, 63
- Lerner, 2002, ‘When bureaucrats meet entrepreneurs: the design of effective “public venture capital” programmes’, ECONOMIC JOURNAL, 102, F73, 10.1111/1468-0297.00684 · DOI · Paper page
- Machauer, 2000, ‘Number of bank relationships: an indicator of competition, borrower quality, or just size?’
- Mester, 1997, ‘What's the point of credit scoring?’
- Mester, 1998, ‘Checking accounts and bank monitoring’, 10.21799/frbp.wp.1998.25 · DOI
- De Meza, 2002, ‘Overlending’, ECONOMIC JOURNAL, 102, F17, 10.1111/1468-0297.00681 · DOI
- De Meza, 1987, ‘Too much investment: a problem of asymmetric information’, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 102, 281, 10.2307/1885064 · DOI
- Nachman, 1994, ‘Optimal design of securities under asymmetric information’, Review of Financial Studies, 7, 1, 10.1093/rfs/7.1.1 · DOI · Paper page
- Nakamura, 1993, ‘Commercial bank information: Implications for the structure of banking’
- Ongena, 2000, ‘The duration of banking relationships’, Journal of Financial Economics, 29, 449
- Peek, 1994, ‘Bank real estate lending and the New England capital crunch’, AREUEA, 22, 33, 10.1111/1540-6229.00625 · DOI
- Peek, 1995, ‘The capital crunch: neither a borrower nor a lender be’, Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, 27, 625, 10.2307/2077739 · DOI · Paper page
- Peek, 1995, Bank regulation and the credit crunch’, Journal of Banking and Finance, 19, 679, 10.1016/0378-4266(94)00148-V · DOI · Paper page
- Peek, 1998, ‘Bank consolidation and small business lending: it's not just bank size that matters’, Journal of Banking and Finance, 22, 799, 10.1016/S0378-4266(98)00012-0 · DOI · Paper page
- Petersen, 1994, ‘The benefits of firm‐creditor relationships: evidence from small business data’, Journal of Finance, 49, 3, 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1994.tb04418.x · DOI · Paper page
- Petersen, 1995, ‘The effect of credit market competition on lending relationships’, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 110, 407, 10.2307/2118445 · DOI · Paper page
- Petersen, 2000, ‘Does distance still matter? The information revolution in small business lending’, 10.3386/w7685 · DOI
- Saunders, 2000
- Scott, 1999, ‘Bank consolidation and small business lending: a small firm perspective’
- Seelig, 1999, ‘Determinants of de novo entry in banking’
- Shrieves, 1995, ‘Regulation, recession, and bank lending behaviour: the 1990 credit crunch’, Journal of Financial Services Research, 9, 5, 10.1007/BF01051961 · DOI
- Stein, 2002, ‘Information production and capital allocation: decentralized vs. hierarchical firms’
- Strahan, 1998, ‘Small business lending and the changing structure of the banking industry’, Journal of Banking and Finance, 22, 821, 10.1016/S0378-4266(98)00010-7 · DOI · Paper page
- Townsend, 1979, ‘Optimal contracts and competitive markets with costly state verification’, Journal of Economic Theory, 21, 265, 10.1016/0022-0531(79)90031-0 · DOI · Paper page
- Udell, 1989, ‘Loan quality, commercial loan review and loan officer contracting’, Journal of Banking and Finance, 13, 367, 10.1016/0378-4266(89)90048-4 · DOI
- Udell, 1995, ‘Financial system design for formerly planned economies: defining the issues’, Financial Markets, Institutions and Instruments, 4, 1
- Uzzi, 1999, ‘What small firms get capital and at what cost: notes on the role of social capital and banking networks’
- Wagster, 1999, ‘The Basle Accord of 1988 and the international credit crunch of 1989–1992’, Journal of Financial Services Research, 15, 123, 10.1023/A:1008023803152 · DOI
- Whalen, 1995, ‘Out‐of‐state holding company affiliation and small business lending’
- Williamson, 1967, ‘The economics of defense contracting: incentives and performance in issues’
- Williamson, 1988, ‘Corporate finance and corporate governance’, Journal of Finance, 43, 567, 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1988.tb04592.x · DOI · Paper page
Cited by
Berger, A. N., Miller, N. H., Petersen, M. A., Rajan, R. G., & Stein, J. C. (2005) · Journal of Financial Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jfineco.2004.06.003 · Cited by 1,888
Self-citationDemocratizing entry: Banking deregulations, financing constraints, and entrepreneurship☆
Kerr, W. R., & Nanda, R. (2009) · Journal of Financial Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jfineco.2008.12.003 · Cited by 679
Bank size, lending technologies, and small business finance
Berger, A. N., & Black, L. K. (2011) · Journal of Banking & Finance · doi:10.1016/j.jbankfin.2010.09.004 · Cited by 468
Self-citationDoes bank ownership affect lending behavior? Evidence from the Euro area
Ferri, G., Kalmi, P., & Kerola, E. (2014) · Journal of Banking & Finance · doi:10.1016/j.jbankfin.2014.05.007 · Cited by 171
Do Relationships Matter? Evidence from Loan Officer Turnover
Drexler, A., & Schoar, A. (2014) · Management Science · doi:10.1287/mnsc.2014.1957 · Cited by 122
Metadata
- Authors
- Berger, A. N., & Udell, G. F.
- Venue
- The Economic Journal
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2002-02-01
- Volume
- 112
- Issue
- 477
- Pages
- F32-F53
- ISSN
- 0013-0133 (ISSN-L)
- 1468-0297
- OpenAlex
- W2111504671
- Cited by
- 1,882
- References
- 14
- FWCI
- 48.63
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- doi.wiley.com/10.1002/tdm_license_1.1 (tdm, 4960 d)
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.