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Cited by 506LGBTQ Health, Identity, and PolicyHIV/AIDS Research and InterventionsRacial and Ethnic Identity Research

Discrimination in the United States: experiences of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer Americans.

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Casey, Logan S., Reisner, Sari L., Findling, Mary G., Blendon, Robert J., Benson, John M., Sayde, Justin M., Miller, Carolyn·2019·Health Services Research
DOI 10.1111/1475-6773.13229PMC PMC6864400
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Abstract

OBJECTIVE: To examine reported experiences of discrimination against lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) adults in the United States, which broadly contribute to poor health outcomes. DATA SOURCE AND STUDY DESIGN: Data came from a national, probability-based telephone survey of US adults, including 489 LGBTQ adults (282 non-Hispanic whites and 201 racial/ethnic minorities), conducted January-April 2017. METHODS: We calculated the percentages of LGBTQ adults reporting experiences of discrimination in health care and several other domains related to their sexual orientation and, for transgender adults, gender identity. We report these results overall, by race/ethnicity, and among transgender adults only. We used multivariable models to estimate adjusted odds of discrimination between racial/ethnic minority and white LGBTQ respondents. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Experiences of interpersonal discrimination were common for LGBTQ adults, including slurs (57 percent), microaggressions (53 percent), sexual harassment (51 percent), violence (51 percent), and harassment regarding bathroom use (34 percent). More than one in six LGBTQ adults also reported avoiding health care due to anticipated discrimination (18 percent), including 22 percent of transgender adults, while 16 percent of LGBTQ adults reported discrimination in health care encounters. LGBTQ racial/ethnic minorities had statistically significantly higher odds than whites in reporting discrimination based on their LGBTQ identity when applying for jobs, when trying to vote or participate in politics, and interacting with the legal system CONCLUSIONS: Discrimination is widely experienced by LGBTQ adults across health care and other domains, especially among racial/ethnic minorities. Policy and programmatic efforts are needed to reduce these negative experiences and their health impact on sexual and/or gender minority adults, particularly those who experience compounded forms of discrimination.

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  • Gender-inclusive and trauma-guided health care might increase the number of transgender patients who seek sexual health services, including STI testing, because transgender persons are at high risk for sexual violence.

    “Gender-inclusive and trauma-guided health care might increase the number of transgender patients who seek sexual health services, including STI testing (341), because transgender persons are at high risk for sexual violence (342).”

    From Sexually Transmitted Infections Treatment Guidelines, 2021 (2021) · cites this paper as [342]

    The Results (Subsample of transgender adults; page unavailable) report that 22% avoided seeking health care because they anticipated discrimination or poor treatment. The Discussion calls for antidiscriminatory policies and training in health care. The paper does not address whether gender-inclusive, trauma-guided care would increase use of sexual health services or STI testing; the sentence assigns its separate sexual-violence claim to citation 342. (LLM, conf=0.83)

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Research works printed but not linked: 3

  1. [8]National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. Improving Health Research on Small Populations: Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press; 2018. 29738210
  2. [36]The Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights, The Leadership Conference Education Fund, The Lawyers' Committee for Civil Rights Under Law, the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. Falling further behind: combating racial discrimination in America; 2014 https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/Treaties/CERD/Shared%20Documents/USA/INT_CERD_NGO_USA_17654_E.pdf. Accessed June 20, 2019.
  3. [39]Kohut A, Keeter S, Doherty C, Dimock M, Christian L. Assessing the representativeness of public opinion surveys. Pew Research Center; 2012 http://www.people-press.org/2012/05/15/assessing-the-representativeness-of-public-opinion-surveys/. Accessed November 1, 2018.

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Authors
Casey, L. S., Reisner, S. L., Findling, M. G., Blendon, R. J., Benson, J. M., Sayde, J. M., & Miller, C.
Affiliations
  • Harvard University (US)
  • Robert Wood Johnson Foundation (US)
Corresponding author
Benson, John M.
ORCID
Venue
Health Services Research
Publisher
Wiley
Published
2019-10-28
Volume
54
Issue
S2
Pages
1454-1466
ISSN
  • 0017-9124 (ISSN-L)
  • 1475-6773
DOI
10.1111/1475-6773.13229
PMC
PMC6864400
OpenAlex
W2982295101
Cited by
467
References
38
Citations by year
2026: 68 · 2025: 95 · 2024: 90 · 2023: 79 · 2022: 63 · 2021: 58 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 1 · 2014: 1
FWCI
42.07
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Health Services Research (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders
Robert Wood Johnson Foundation (73713)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › LGBTQ Health, Identity, and Policy
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › HIV/AIDS Research and Interventions
  • Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Racial and Ethnic Identity Research
Keywords
sexual orientation discrimination, transgender adults, gender identity discrimination, health care discrimination, microaggressions, sexual harassment, violence, healthcare avoidance, racial and ethnic minorities, employment discrimination, voting discrimination, sexual and gender minorities
MeSH terms
Sexual and Gender Minorities, Adolescent, Adult, Female, Housing, Humans, Male, Surveys and Questionnaires, Telephone, United States, Sexual Harassment, Healthcare Disparities, Young Adult

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