The DOI matches its Crossref record; 236 of the 236 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Does High Self-Esteem Cause Better Performance, Interpersonal Success, Happiness, or Healthier Lifestyles?
Open accessAbstract
Self-esteem has become a household word. Teachers, parents, therapists, and others have focused efforts on boosting self-esteem, on the assumption that high self-esteem will cause many positive outcomes and benefits—an assumption that is critically evaluated in this review. Appraisal of the effects of self-esteem is complicated by several factors. Because many people with high self-esteem exaggerate their successes and good traits, we emphasize objective measures of outcomes. High self-esteem is also a heterogeneous category, encompassing people who frankly accept their good qualities along with narcissistic, defensive, and conceited individuals. The modest correlations between self-esteem and school performance do not indicate that high self-esteem leads to good performance. Instead, high self-esteem is partly the result of good school performance. Efforts to boost the self-esteem of pupils have not been shown to improve academic performance and may sometimes be counterproductive. Job performance in adults is sometimes related to self-esteem, although the correlations vary widely, and the direction of causality has not been established. Occupational success may boost self-esteem rather than the reverse. Alternatively, self-esteem may be helpful only in some job contexts. Laboratory studies have generally failed to find that self-esteem causes good task performance, with the important exception that high self-esteem facilitates persistence after failure. People high in self-esteem claim to be more likable and attractive, to have better relationships, and to make better impressions on others than people with low self-esteem, but objective measures disconfirm most of these beliefs. Narcissists are charming at first but tend to alienate others eventually. Self-esteem has not been shown to predict the quality or duration of relationships. High self-esteem makes people more willing to speak up in groups and to criticize the group's approach. Leadership does not stem directly from self-esteem, but self-esteem may have indirect effects. Relative to people with low self-esteem, those with high self-esteem show stronger in-group favoritism, which may increase prejudice and discrimination. Neither high nor low self-esteem is a direct cause of violence. Narcissism leads to increased aggression in retaliation for wounded pride. Low self-esteem may contribute to externalizing behavior and delinquency, although some studies have found that there are no effects or that the effect of self-esteem vanishes when other variables are controlled. The highest and lowest rates of cheating and bullying are found in different subcategories of high self-esteem. Self-esteem has a strong relation to happiness. Although the research has not clearly established causation, we are persuaded that high self-esteem does lead to greater happiness. Low self-esteem is more likely than high to lead to depression under some circumstances. Some studies support the buffer hypothesis, which is that high self-esteem mitigates the effects of stress, but other studies come to the opposite conclusion, indicating that the negative effects of low self-esteem are mainly felt in good times. Still others find that high self-esteem leads to happier outcomes regardless of stress or other circumstances. High self-esteem does not prevent children from smoking, drinking, taking drugs, or engaging in early sex. If anything, high self-esteem fosters experimentation, which may increase early sexual activity or drinking, but in general effects of self-esteem are negligible. One important exception is that high self-esteem reduces the chances of bulimia in females. Overall, the benefits of high self-esteem fall into two categories: enhanced initiative and pleasant feelings. We have not found evidence that boosting self-esteem (by therapeutic interventions or school programs) causes benefits. Our findings do not support continued widespread efforts to boost self-esteem in the hope that it will by itself foster improved outcomes. In view of the heterogeneity of high self-esteem, indiscriminate praise might just as easily promote narcissism, with its less desirable consequences. Instead, we recommend using praise to boost self-esteem as a reward for socially desirable behavior and self-improvement.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“High self-esteem has been associated with positive characteristics such as initiative, strong coping skills, persistence in the face of challenges, happiness, and longevity (Baumeister et al., 2003).”
From Self-esteem, locus of control, hippocampal volume, and cortisol regulation in young and old adulthood (2005) · cites this paper as Baumeister et al., 2003
Citations
Cites
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
Williams, J. B. W., & First, M. B. (2013) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199975839.013.104 · Cited by 109,845
Eysenck, H. J. (1985) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/0005-7967(85)90087-7 · Cited by 32,038
Society and the Adolescent Self-Image
Rosenberg, M. (1965) · doi:10.1515/9781400876136 · Cited by 30,126
“Stress: appraisal and coping,”
Folkman, S. (2013) · Encyclopedia of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-1005-9_215 · Cited by 27,833
A new scale of social desirability independent of psychopathology.
Crowne, D. P., & Marlowe, D. (1960) · Journal of Consulting Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0047358 · Cited by 8,686
Rosenthal, R., & Jacobson, L. (1968) · The Urban Review · doi:10.1007/bf02322211 · Cited by 3,878
Hopelessness depression: A theory-based subtype of depression.
Abramson, L. Y., Metalsky, G. I., & Alloy, L. B. (1989) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037//0033-295x.96.2.358 · Cited by 3,722
Judge, T. A., & Bono, J. E. (2001) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.86.1.80 · Cited by 3,436
Review of personality and social psychology
Davies, M. (1983) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/0191-8869(83)90072-7 · Cited by 3,394
(1992) · Cited by 3,325
Research works printed but not linked: 26
- Abernathy T.J., 1995, Adolescence, 30, 899
- 10.1037/0033-295X.96.2.358 · DOI · Paper page
- Bowles T., 1999, Journal of Applied Health Behaviour, 1, 1
- Branden N. (1984, August–September). In defense of self. Association for Humanistic Psychology, pp. 12–13.
- Brown J.D., 1998, The self
- 10.1037/0022-3514.55.6.991 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1037/0022-3514.70.4.661 · DOI
- California Task Force to Promote Self-Esteem and Personal and Social Responsibility, 1990, Toward a state of self-esteem
- 10.1037/0022-3514.68.6.1152 · DOI
- Crooks R., Baur K. (1999). Our sexuality (7th ed.). New York: Brooks/Cole.
- 10.1037/0022-3514.83.3.711 · DOI
- Emler N., 2001, Self-esteem: The costs and consequences of low self-worth
- Epstein R., 2001, Psychology Today, 34, 66
- Fishbein M., 1975, Belief, attitude, intention, and behavior
- Herer E., 1993, Canadian Journal of Human Sexuality, 2, 113
- Howerton D.L., 1994, Research in the Schools, 1, 23
- James K., 1997, Occupational Health, 2, 108
- Kirkpatrick L.A., 2001, Blackwell handbook of social psychology: Vol. 2. Interpersonal processes, 411
- Mecca A.M., 1989, The social importance of self-esteem
- Ornish D., 1998, Love and survival
- Smelser N.J., 1989, The social importance of self-esteem, 1
- 10.1037/0022-3514.62.3.392 · DOI
- Trope Y., 1986, Handbook of motivation and cognition: Foundations of social behavior, 350
- Vohs K.D., Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin
- Winegar K., 1990, Star Tribune
- Wylie R.C., 1979, The self-concept: Vol. 2. Theory and research on selected topics
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 801–900 of 1,013
Kazdin, A. E. (2010) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-381453-1.10025-x · Cited by 38
Coetzee, J., Dietrich, J. J., Otwombe, K. N., Nkala-Dlamini, B., Khunwane, M., van der Watt, M., Sikkema, K. J., & Gray, G. (2014) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2014.01.006 · Cited by 37
Universal biases in self‐perception: Better and more human than average
Loughnan, S., Leidner, B., Doron, G., Haslam, N., Kashima, Y., Tong, J., & Yeung, V. W. L. (2010) · British Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1348/014466610x487779 · Cited by 38
Implicit Self-Evaluations Predict Changes in Implicit Partner Evaluations
McNulty, J. K., Baker, L. R., & Olson, M. A. (2014) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797614537833 · Cited by 37
Self-Esteem, Reflected Appraisals, and Self-Views
Asencio, E. K. (2013) · Social Psychology Quarterly · doi:10.1177/0190272513504222 · Cited by 37
The role of positivity as predictor of ego-resiliency from adolescence to young adulthood
Milioni, M., Alessandri, G., Eisenberg, N., & Caprara, G. V. (2016) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2016.06.025 · Cited by 39
Stapleton, P., Crighton, G. J., Carter, B., & Pidgeon, A. M. (2017) · The Humanistic Psychologist · doi:10.1037/hum0000059 · Cited by 37
Otterpohl, N., Lazar, R., & Stiensmeier‐Pelster, J. (2018) · Contemporary Educational Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.cedpsych.2018.11.002 · Cited by 42
Challenges in Teacher Leadership: Workload, Time Allocation, and Self-Esteem
Žydžiūnaitė, V., Kontrimienė, S., Ponomarenko, T., & Kaminskienè, L. (2020) · European Journal of Contemporary Education · doi:10.13187/ejced.2020.4.948 · Cited by 37
The Reciprocal Effects Model Revisited
Seaton, M., Marsh, H. W., Parker, P. D., Craven, R. G., & Yeung, A. S. (2015) · Gifted Child Quarterly · doi:10.1177/0016986215583870 · Cited by 38
Livi, S., Theodorou, A., Rullo, M., Cinque, L., & Alessandri, G. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0193508 · Cited by 43
Lin, C.-H. V., & Sun, J. (2018) · Frontiers of Business Research in China · doi:10.1186/s11782-018-0027-9 · Cited by 38
Aggression in Adolescents: The Role of Mother-Child Attachment and Self-Esteem
Muarifah, A., Mashar, R., Hashim, I. H. M., Rofiah, N. H., & Oktaviani, F. (2022) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs12050147 · Cited by 36
Tourreix, E., Besançon, M., & Gonthier, C. (2023) · Journal of Intelligence · doi:10.3390/jintelligence11070141 · Cited by 48
Personality and Social Problem-Solving: The Mediating Role of Self-Esteem
Koruklu, N. (2015) · Educational Sciences Theory & Practice · doi:10.12738/estp.2015.2.2601 · Cited by 38
‘I can do it, and how!’ Student experience in access and equity pathways to higher education
Habel, C. (2012) · Higher Education Research & Development · doi:10.1080/07294360.2012.659177 · Cited by 36
The Self-Liking Brain: A VBM Study on the Structural Substrate of Self-Esteem
Agroskin, D., Klackl, J., & Jonas, E. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0086430 · Cited by 42
Guglielmi, R. (2012) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0027378 · Cited by 36
Hall, N. C., Jackson, S., Goetz, T., & Musu-Gillette, L. (2011) · The Journal of Experimental Education · doi:10.1080/00220973.2010.503247 · Cited by 36
The Relation of Pro‐Sociality to Self‐Esteem: The Mediational Role of Quality of Friendships
Zuffianò, A., Eisenberg, N., Alessandri, G., Kanacri, B. P. L., Pastorelli, C., Milioni, M., & Caprara, G. V. (2014) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/jopy.12137 · Cited by 45
Self-Awareness and Personal Growth: Theory and Application of Bloom’s Taxonomy
Uğur, H., Constantinescu, P., & Stevens, M. J. (2015) · Eurasian Journal of Educational Research · doi:10.14689/ejer.2015.60.6 · Cited by 51
An examination of the effectiveness of Handwriting Without Tears ® instruction
Roberts, G. I., Derkach-Ferguson, A. F., Siever, J. E., & Rose, M. S. (2014) · Canadian Journal of Occupational Therapy · doi:10.1177/0008417414527065 · Cited by 36
Effect of self-esteem on social interactions during the Ultimatum Game
Paz, V., Nicolaisen‐Sobesky, E., Collado, E., Horta, S., Rey, C., Rivero, M. V. V., Berriolo, P., Díaz, M., Oton, M. G., Pérez, A., et al. (2017) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2016.12.063 · Cited by 37
Perceived mattering to family and friends, self-esteem, and well-being
Matera, C., Bosco, N., & Meringolo, P. (2019) · Psychology Health & Medicine · doi:10.1080/13548506.2019.1626454 · Cited by 36
Datu, J. A. D., Wong, G. S. P., & Rubie-Davies, C. M. (2020) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2020.104062 · Cited by 41
How Do Individuals with Fragile High Self-esteem Cope with Intrusive Thoughts Following Ego Threat?
Borton, J. L. S., Crimmins, A. E., Ashby, R. S., & Ruddiman, J. F. (2010) · Self and Identity · doi:10.1080/15298868.2010.500935 · Cited by 36
Zeigler‐Hill, V., Jordan, C., & Cameron, J. J. (2013) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/obo/9780199828340-0124 · Cited by 39
Fu, W., Tang, W., Xue, E., Li, J., & Shan, C. (2021) · International Journal of Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1080/20473869.2019.1662204 · Cited by 35
Tan, T. X., Yi, Z., Camras, L. A., Cheng, K., Li, Z., Sun, Y., & Chen, N. (2021) · Social Psychology of Education · doi:10.1007/s11218-021-09650-x · Cited by 35
Zeigler‐Hill, V., Enjaian, B., Holden, C. J., & Southard, A. C. (2014) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2014.01.003 · Cited by 35
Golan, M., Hagay, N., & Tamir, S. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0078223 · Cited by 36
Zhang, L., Zhang, S., Yang, Y., & Li, C. (2017) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2017.04.006 · Cited by 35
Self-esteem and sexual health: a multilevel meta-analytic review
Sakaluk, J. K., Kim, J. J., Campbell, E., Baxter, A., & Impett, E. A. (2019) · Health Psychology Review · doi:10.1080/17437199.2019.1625281 · Cited by 41
When performance gets personal: Towards a theory of performance-based identity
Walker, B. W., & Caprar, D. V. (2019) · Human Relations · doi:10.1177/0018726719851835 · Cited by 36
Papadopoulos, D. (2021) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs11070093 · Cited by 46
Motivation and Productivity of Employees in Higher Education during the First Lockdown
Rietveld, J. R., Hiemstra, D., Brouwer, A., & Waalkens, J. (2021) · Administrative Sciences · doi:10.3390/admsci12010001 · Cited by 48
Drinking to regulate negative romantic relationship interactions: The moderating role of self-esteem
DeHart, T., Tennen, H. A., Armeli, S., Todd, M. W., & Affleck, G. G. (2007) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2007.10.001 · Cited by 35
Self‐ambivalence and reactions to success versus failure
Riketta, M., & Ziegler, R. (2006) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.376 · Cited by 37
Passion, Self-Esteem, and the Role of Comparative Performance Evaluation
Stenseng, F., & Dalskau, L. H. (2010) · Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology · doi:10.1123/jsep.32.6.881 · Cited by 35
Walsh, D., King, M., & Griffiths, A. R. (2017) · Psychology Crime and Law · doi:10.1080/1068316x.2017.1296149 · Cited by 35
Møller, J., & Trautwein, U. (2014) · Springer-Lehrbuch · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-41291-2_8 · Cited by 35
Overconfidence is a Social Signaling BiasPreprint
Burks, S. V., Carpenter, J. P., Goette, L. F., & Rustichini, A. (2010) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.1575893 · Cited by 35
Hautakangas, M., Kumpulainen, K., & Uusitalo‐Malmivaara, L. (2021) · Early Child Development and Care · doi:10.1080/03004430.2021.1918125 · Cited by 62
Adolescence dropout risk predictors: Family structure, mental health, and self‐esteem
Lawrence, K. C., & Adebowale, T. A. (2022) · Journal of Community Psychology · doi:10.1002/jcop.22884 · Cited by 47
Yang, M. L., Wang, H., & Yao, J. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph192114567 · Cited by 34
Bullying and risk‐perception as health hazards on oil rigs
Nielsen, M. B., Glasø, L., Matthiesen, S. B., Eid, J., & Einarsen, S. V. (2013) · Journal of Managerial Psychology · doi:10.1108/jmp-12-2012-0395 · Cited by 34
Rytkönen, K., Aunola, K., & Nurmi, J. (2007) · Educational Psychology · doi:10.1080/01443410701309316 · Cited by 34
Depression and Identity: Are Self-Constructions Negative or Conflictual?
Montesano, A., Feixas, G., Caspar, F., & Winter, D. A. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00877 · Cited by 34
Childhood maltreatment, psychological resources, and depressive symptoms in women with breast cancer
Kuhlman, K. R., Boyle, C. C., Irwin, M. R., Ganz, P. A., Crespi, C. M., Asher, A., Petersen, L., & Bower, J. E. (2017) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2017.08.025 · Cited by 39
Voisin, D. R., Kim, D. H., Bassett, S. M., & Marotta, P. L. (2018) · Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1177/1359105318763992 · Cited by 35
The Devil You Know: Self-Esteem and Switching Responses to Poor Service
Consiglio, I., & van Osselaer, S. V. (2019) · Journal of Consumer Research · doi:10.1093/jcr/ucz001 · Cited by 28
Yu, M., Yang, S., Qiu, T., Gao, X., & Wu, H. L. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02315 · Cited by 37
Changes in self-esteem and chronic disease across adulthood: A 16-year longitudinal analysis
Liu, S. Y., Wrosch, C., Morin, A. J. S., Quesnel‐Vallée, A., & Pruessner, J. C. (2019) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2019.112600 · Cited by 38
Zhu, X., & Shek, D. T. L. (2021) · Journal of Happiness Studies · doi:10.1007/s10902-020-00346-1 · Cited by 37
Müller, C. A., Otto, B., Sawitzki, V., Kanagalingam, P., Scherer, J.-S., & Lindberg, S. I. (2021) · Trends in Neuroscience and Education · doi:10.1016/j.tine.2021.100160 · Cited by 51
Malo, S., Sallent, S. B., Casas, F., Pérez, M. E. G., & Carrasco, M. G. (2011) · PubMed · Cited by 34
Lewandowski, R. E., Verdeli, H., WICKRAMARATNE, P. J., Warner, V., Mancini, A. D., & Weissman, M. M. (2013) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-013-9732-3 · Cited by 34
Personal Intelligence Expressed: A Theoretical Analysis
Mayer, J. D. (2009) · Review of General Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0014229 · Cited by 39
A measure of spiritual sensitivity for children
Stoyles, G., Stanford, B., Caputi, P., Keating, A.-L., & Hyde, B. (2012) · International Journal of Children s Spirituality · doi:10.1080/1364436x.2012.733683 · Cited by 34
Long live Fenerbahçe: The production boosting effects of football
Hakan Berument, A., & Yucel, E. M. (2005) · Journal of Economic Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.joep.2005.04.002 · Cited by 34
Kinship Support and Academic Efficacy Among College Students: A Cross-Sectional Examination
Budescu, M., & Silverman, L. R. (2016) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-016-0359-z · Cited by 34
Global self-esteem and the processing of positive information about the self
Danielsson, M., & Bengtsson, H. (2016) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2016.05.014 · Cited by 40
The Impact of Complexity on Methods and Findings in Psychological Science
Sanbonmatsu, D. M., Cooley, E. H., & Butner, J. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.580111 · Cited by 47
Believing in one’s equal rights: Self-respect as a predictor of assertiveness
Renger, D. (2017) · Self and Identity · doi:10.1080/15298868.2017.1313307 · Cited by 33
Exploring Teachers’ Self-Esteem and Its Effects on Teaching, Students’ Learning and Self-Esteem
Mbuva, J. M. (2017) · Journal of Higher Education Theory and Practice · Cited by 33
Psychometric Properties of the Positivity Scale among Chinese Adults and Early Adolescents
Tian, L., Zhang, D., & Huebner, E. S. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00197 · Cited by 34
Lundberg, T., Forinder, U., Olsson, M., Fürst, C. J., Årestedt, K., & Alvariza, A. (2018) · European Journal of Oncology Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.ejon.2018.05.004 · Cited by 39
Kessels, U., & Heyder, A. (2020) · Social Psychology of Education · doi:10.1007/s11218-020-09550-6 · Cited by 43
Koszałka-Silska, A., Korcz, A., & Wiza, A. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18063021 · Cited by 62
Peterson, A. A., Haynes, G. A., & Olson, J. M. (2008) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.2007.00487.x · Cited by 33
Academic Self-Concept: Modeling and Measuring for Science
Hardy, G. (2013) · Research in Science Education · doi:10.1007/s11165-013-9393-7 · Cited by 34
Self-esteem growth trajectory from adolescence to mid-adulthood and its predictors in adolescence
Kiviruusu, O. H., Huurre, T. M., Aro, H. M., MARTTUNEN, M. J., & Haukkala, A. (2014) · Advances in Life Course Research · doi:10.1016/j.alcr.2014.12.003 · Cited by 39
Sato, K., & Yuki, M. (2014) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01113 · Cited by 35
Self-Protective yet Self-Defeating
Wood, J. V., & Forest, A. L. (2015) · Advances in experimental social psychology · doi:10.1016/bs.aesp.2015.10.001 · Cited by 40
Ben‐Eliyahu, A., & Zeidner, M. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108264822.041 · Cited by 33
Hill, P. L., & Roberts, B. W. (2011) · doi:10.1002/9781118093108.ch17 · Cited by 33
Liu, G., Zhang, D., Pan, Y., Ma, Y., & Lu, X. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01490 · Cited by 32
Amin, R., Iqbal, A., Naeem, F., & Irfan, M. (2020) · Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1017/s1352465820000284 · Cited by 32
Kristjansson, K. R. (2008) · Cambridge Journal of Education · doi:10.1080/03057640802063320 · Cited by 32
Work and innovations: The impact of self‐identification on employee bootlegging behaviour
Nanyangwe, C. N., Wang, H., & Cui, Z. (2021) · Creativity and Innovation Management · doi:10.1111/caim.12455 · Cited by 35
Lee, J. Y., Patel, M., & Scior, K. (2023) · Journal of Intellectual Disability Research · doi:10.1111/jir.13025 · Cited by 41
Mossakowski, K. N. (2013) · Stress and Health · doi:10.1002/smi.2526 · Cited by 32
Human resources' self‐esteem across gender and categories: a study
Kundu, S. C., & Rani, S. (2007) · Industrial Management & Data Systems · doi:10.1108/02635570710834018 · Cited by 32
Parental Education Level Positively Affects Self-Esteem of Turkish Adolescents
Şahin, E., Barut, Y., & Ersanli, E. (2013) · Journals & Books Hosting (International Knowledge Sharing Platform) · Cited by 32
POSITIVE ORIENTATION AND GENERALIZED SELF-EFFICACY
Oleś, P., Alessandri, G., Oleś, M., Bąk, W., JANIKOWSKI, T., Łaguna, M., & Caprara, G. V. (2013) · Studia Psychologica · doi:10.21909/sp.2013.01.620 · Cited by 34
Oh, J. H. (2014) · The Journal of the Korea Contents Association · doi:10.5392/jkca.2014.14.10.873 · Cited by 32
Seabi, J. (2011) · South African Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1177/008124631104100212 · Cited by 37
Weinberg, M. (2013) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.21864 · Cited by 32
Attending to the role of identity exploration in self-esteem
Soenens, B., Berzonsky, M. D., & Papini, D. R. (2015) · International Journal of Behavioral Development · doi:10.1177/0165025415602560 · Cited by 32
Measurement of self-enhancement (and self-protection).
Krueger, J. I., & Wright, J. C. (2011) · Cited by 34
Self-citationStronge, S., Cichocka, A. K., & Sibley, C. G. (2016) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2016.06.016 · Cited by 34
Tan, V. M., Quoquab, F., Ahmad, F., & Mohammad, J. (2017) · Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics · doi:10.1108/apjml-05-2016-0087 · Cited by 35
Magnusson, C., & Nermo, M. (2018) · Journal of Youth Studies · doi:10.1080/13676261.2018.1468876 · Cited by 38
Can Mentoring Promote Self-esteem and School Connectedness? An Evaluation of the Mentor-UP Project
Marino, C., Santinello, M., Lenzi, M., Santoro, P., Bergamin, M., Gaboardi, M., Calcagnì, A., Altoè, G., & Perkins, D. D. (2019) · Psychosocial Intervention · doi:10.5093/pi2019a13 · Cited by 32
Essau, C. A., & de la Torre‐Luque, A. (2021) · Child Psychiatry & Human Development · doi:10.1007/s10578-021-01264-w · Cited by 32
Nungsari, M., Ngu, K., Chin, J. W., & Flanders, S. (2021) · Journal of Entrepreneurship in Emerging Economies · doi:10.1108/jeee-08-2021-0312 · Cited by 52
Low self-esteem and the formation of global self-performance estimates in emerging adulthood
Rouault, M., Will, G., Fleming, S. M., & Dolan, R. J. (2022) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-022-02031-8 · Cited by 35
Self-esteem and autonomic physiology: Self-esteem levels predict cardiac vagal tone
Martens, A., Greenberg, J., Allen, J. J. B., Hayes, J., Schimel, J., & Johns, M. A. (2010) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2010.07.001 · Cited by 32
Betts, K. R., & Hinsz, V. B. (2013) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1177/1088868313497999 · Cited by 35
Swann, W. B., & Buhrmester, M. D. (2012) · Social Cognition · doi:10.1521/soco.2012.30.4.415 · Cited by 33
Metadata
- Authors
- Baumeister, R. F., Campbell, J. D., Krueger, J. I., & Vohs, K. D.
- Affiliations
- Florida State University (US)
- University of British Columbia (CA)
- Brown University (US)
- University of Utah (US)
- Venue
- Psychological Science in the Public Interest
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2003-05
- Volume
- 4
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 1-44
- ISSN
- 1539-6053 (ISSN-L)
- 1529-1006
- OpenAlex
- W2169757511
- Cited by
- 3,893
- References
- 224
- Citations by year
- 2026: 100 · 2025: 155 · 2024: 212 · 2023: 230 · 2022: 215 · 2021: 234 · 2020: 284 · 2019: 243 · 2018: 216 · 2017: 215 · 2016: 213 · 2015: 223 · 2014: 198 · 2013: 200 · 2012: 183
- FWCI
- 61.02
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Gothic.net (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Psychological Science
- Funders
- Foundations' Fund for Research in Psychiatry
- National Institutes of Health (MH-57039)
- Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada (57039, 12794)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Psychological Well-being and Life Satisfaction
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Grit, Self-Efficacy, and Motivation
- Keywords
- self-esteem, self-esteem intervention, narcissism, employee performance, interpersonal relationships, happiness, depression, buffer hypothesis, bullying, cheating, delinquency, aggression, in-group favoritism, prejudice, leadership, academic performance
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
