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Cited by 336Stress Responses and CortisolPersonality Traits and PsychologyMemory and Neural Mechanisms

Self-esteem, locus of control, hippocampal volume, and cortisol regulation in young and old adulthood

Open access
Pruessner, Jens C., Baldwin, Mark W., Dedovic, Katarina, Renwick, Robert, Mahani, Najmeh Khalili, Lord, Catherine, Meaney, Michael, Lupien, Sonia·2005·NeuroImage
DOI 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2005.06.014
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Abstract

Self-esteem, the value we place on ourselves, has been associated with effects on health, life expectancy, and life satisfaction. Correlated with self-esteem is internal locus of control, the individual's perception of being in control of his or her outcomes. Recently, variations in self-esteem and internal locus of control have been shown to predict the neuroendocrine cortisol response to stress. Cumulative exposure to high levels of cortisol over the lifetime is known to be related to hippocampal atrophy. We therefore examined hippocampal volume and cortisol regulation, to investigate potential biological mechanisms related to self-esteem. We investigated 16 healthy young (age range 20-26 years of age) and 23 healthy elderly subjects (age range 60-84 years). The young subjects were exposed to a psychosocial stress task, while the elderly subjects were assessed for their basal cortisol regulation. Structural Magnetic Resonance Images were acquired from all subjects, and volumetric analyses were performed on medial temporal lobe structures, and whole brain gray matter. Standardized neuropsychological assessments in the elderly were performed to assess levels of cognitive performance, and to exclude the possibility of neurodegenerative disease. Self-esteem and internal locus of control were significantly correlated with hippocampal volume in both young and elderly subjects. In the young, the cortisol response to the psychosocial stress task was significantly correlated with both hippocampal volume and levels of self-esteem and locus of control, while in the elderly, these personality traits moderated age-related patterns of cognitive decline, cortisol regulation, and global brain volume decline.

AI snapshot

Written from the paper’s full text.

TL;DR

In healthy young and elderly adults, higher self-esteem and internal locus of control were associated with larger hippocampal volumes, and in young men low self-esteem/internal locus of control predicted a larger cortisol response to psychosocial stress. In elderly subjects, low self-esteem/internal locus of control moderated age-related declines in hippocampal volume, cognition, global gray matter, and awakening cortisol regulation.

Key findings

  • Self-esteem and internal locus of control were significantly correlated with left and right hippocampal volume in both young and elderly subjects; correlations ranged from r = 0.42 to r = 0.71, with only one not reaching significance.
  • Comparing extreme groups, young low-SEC subjects had a 12% smaller left hippocampus and 13% smaller right hippocampus than high-SEC subjects; elderly low-SEC subjects had a 17.4% smaller left hippocampus and 15.8% smaller right hippocampus.
  • In young subjects, low SEC showed a significantly larger cortisol response to the psychosocial stress task (F = 6.53, P < 0.05), with no differences in mental arithmetic performance.
  • In elderly subjects, age-related declines were significant in the low-SEC group but not the high-SEC group for hippocampal volume (left r = −0.75, P = 0.008; right r = −0.64, P = 0.03), awakening cortisol (r = −0.72, P < 0.008), and total brain gray matter (r = −0.75, P < 0.008). Mediation analyses were not significant (Sobel ts < 1.4, Ps > 0.15).

Methods

  • Two independent cross-sectional samples: 16 healthy young men aged 20–26 years (mean 22.45) and 23 healthy elderly men and women aged 60–84 years (16 women, 7 men; mean 70.3 ± 7.8). Exclusion criteria included current or past depression and head trauma.
  • Young subjects underwent the Montreal Imaging Stress Task with saliva cortisol sampled at −30, −20, 0, 20, 40, 50, and 60 min; elderly subjects provided basal saliva samples over 12 months at awakening, 30 min after awakening, 2 p.m., 4 p.m., and bedtime. Structural MRI was used for hippocampal, amygdala, and whole-brain gray matter volumetry.
  • Psychological measures included the Rosenberg Self-esteem Scale and a locus of control measure; elderly subjects also received MMSE-3M and ADAS-cog. Analysis used k-means clustering into high/low self-esteem/internal locus of control groups, t tests/ANOVA, Pearson correlations with Bonferroni correction, and hierarchical regression mediation analyses.

Limitations

  • The paper states the cross-sectional design prevents firm causal conclusions and that longitudinal studies are needed; it also notes other unmeasured factors such as social support and optimism, and no IQ data.
  • The paper states methodological differences between the young and elderly studies: cortisol was assessed as acute stress response in young subjects using salivettes and fluorescence immunoassay, but as basal regulation in elderly subjects using filter paper and radioimmunoassay; the young sample was all male while the elderly sample was mostly female.
  • The paper states sample sizes were relatively small, limiting power for mediation analyses; it also notes possible self-affirmation or carry-over effects in young subjects because personality measures were assessed close in time to the stress task.

Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2005.06.014

Cites

69 of 69 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

1 tests recomputed · 0 with the reported and recomputed p on opposite sides of .05

Claims the paper makes

0 of 40 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged

  • Findingown data

    Self-esteem and internal locus of control are significantly correlated with hippocampal volume in both young and elderly subjects.

    “Self-esteem and internal locus of control were significantly correlated with hippocampal volume in both young and elderly subjects.”
    • Also stated in: § Hippocampal volume differences between low and high SEC · boosted
      “In two samples, then, comprising very different age groups, low selfesteem and low internal locus of control were clearly associated with lower hippocampal volume (see Fig. 1).”
    • Also stated in: § Discussion · boosted
      “A clear association between these personality measures and hippocampal volume was evident in both populations.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    Continuous measures of self-esteem and internal locus of control were significantly correlated with left and right hippocampal volumes in both young and old subjects, with correlations ranging from r = 0.42 to r = 0.71.

    “Examining the continuous measures of self-esteem and internal locus of control separately, in both young and old subjects, showed that both were significantly correlated with left and right hippocampal volumes.These correlations ranged from r = 0.42 to r = 0.71 in the young and old subjects, with only one of them not reaching statistical significance (see Fig. 2).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    Correlations between self-esteem or internal locus of control with age, years of education, amygdala volume, whole brain gray and white matter, or CSF were generally nonsignificant.

    “Correlations between self-esteem or internal locus of control, with age, years of education, amygdala volume, whole brain gray and white matter, or CSF, were generally nonsignificant and so could not easily account for the association between the personality variables and hippocampal volume (all r with P > 0.20 except two; see Table 2).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    There was a significant main effect of SEC on the cortisol stress response in young subjects (F = 6.53; P < 0.05).

    “Performing a two-factor mixed design (group by time) ANOVA with the SEC groups as independent, and the seven cortisol samples as dependent measures, we found a significant main effect of SEC on the cortisol stress response ( F = 6.53;P < 0.05; see Fig. 3).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    In young subjects, the cortisol response to a psychosocial stress task is significantly correlated with both hippocampal volume and levels of self-esteem and locus of control.

    “In the young, the cortisol response to the psychosocial stress task was significantly correlated with both hippocampal volume and levels of self-esteem and locus of control”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • May combine two claims. 27
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 15

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Age did not correlate with self-esteem or locus of control scores (P > 0.20).

    “Age by itself did not correlate with the self-esteem or locus of control scores ( P > 0.20).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Age was significantly associated with cognitive performance: MMSE-3M (r = -0.65) and ADAS-cog (r = -0.54).

    “Similar observations were made for our measures of cognitive performance, the modified version of the MMSE-3M (r = À0.65), and the measure for signs of cognitive impairment (ADAS-cog; r = À0.54), for the total sample.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Elderly subjects with low SEC had a 17.4% smaller left hippocampus and a 15.8% smaller right hippocampal volume than the high SEC group.

    “In the elderly people, the low SEC had a 17.4% smaller left hippocampus, and a 15.8% smaller right hippocampal volume than the high SEC group ( F 1,21 = 7.88, P < 0.01, twofactor (SEC Â hemisphere) mixed design ANOVA; Table 1).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Correlations between self-esteem and external locus of control are weak to moderate in young (r = -0.17, P > 0.20) and old (r = -0.55, P < 0.05) samples.

    “as in the previous research, the correlations between self-esteem and external locus of control were only weak to moderate: young: r = À0.17,P > 0.20; old: r = À0.55,P < 0.05).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    In the low SEC group, age was strongly negatively associated with hippocampal volume (left r = -0.75, P = 0.008; right r = -0.64, P = 0.03), but not significantly associated in the high SEC group (r = 0.12 and 0.21; P > 0.20).

    “We found that age was strongly negatively associated with hippocampal volume in the low SEC group (r = À0.75,P = 0.008 and r = À0.64,P = 0.03, for left and right hippocampus, respectively), but was not significantly associated in the high SEC group (r = 0.12 and 0.21; P > 0.20, respectively; Table 3).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Age explained 43% to 55% of variability of left and right hippocampal volumes in the low SEC group, but less than 5% in the high SEC group.

    “Expressed differently, age explained 43% to 55% of variability of left and right hippocampal volumes in the low SEC group, but less than 5% in the high SEC group.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The correlation of age with brain gray matter was significant (r = -0.75, P < 0.008) in the low SEC group, but not significant (r = -0.35, P > 0.20) in the high SEC group.

    “The correlation of age with brain gray matter was significant with r = À0.75 ( P < 0.008) in the low SEC group, but failed to show a significant impact with r = À0.35 ( P > 0.20) in the high SEC group (Table 3).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    When splitting the whole group for subjects with high and low SEC, the correlation between cortisol and age became more pronounced in the low SEC group, while it was no longer present in the high SEC group.

    “When splitting the whole group for subjects with high and low SEC, this correlation between cortisol and age became more pronounced in the low SEC group, while it was no longer present in the high SEC group.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The difference between high and low SEC levels was 16.6% hippocampal volume difference in the elderly, versus 12.5% volume difference in the young.

    “Although the elderly subjects did show smaller hippocampal volumes compared to the young, the difference between high and low SEC levels was only slightly more pronounced in the elderly compared to the young (16.6% hippocampal volume difference in the elderly, versus 12.5% volume difference in the young), a difference that seems less than one should expect to result from a lifetime of neurotoxicit”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Age had a differential effect on cognitive performance as a function of self-esteem and locus of control: the correlation of age with the 3M score was significant for the low SEC group, but not for the high SEC group.

    “Moreover, age had a differential effect on cognitive performance as a function of self-esteem and locus of control: the correlation of age with the 3M score was significant for the low SEC group, but not for the high SEC group (Table 3).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Low self-esteem is associated with a host of negative life outcomes, including substance abuse, delinquency, unhappiness, depression, eating disorders, and worsened recovery after illnesses.

    “Low self-esteem has been associated with a host of negative life outcomes, including substance abuse, delinquency, unhappiness, depression, eating disorders, and worsened recovery after illnesses (see Hoyle et al., 1999;Leary and McDonald, 2003).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Hoyle et al., 1999

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Leary and McDonald, 2003

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    High self-esteem is associated with positive characteristics such as initiative, strong coping skills, persistence in the face of challenges, happiness, and longevity.

    “High self-esteem has been associated with positive characteristics such as initiative, strong coping skills, persistence in the face of challenges, happiness, and longevity (Baumeister et al., 2003).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Baumeister et al., 2003 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Chronic perceived stress can lead to poor habituation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and dysregulation of glucocorticoid release.

    “Briefly, chronic perceived stress can lead to poor habituation of the hypothalamicpituitary -adrenal (HPA) axis and dysregulation of glucocorticoid (i.e., cortisol) release.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites McEwen, 1998 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Schulkin et al., 1998 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    The cortisol response to awakening is associated with hippocampal integrity such that hippocampal damage predicts lower levels of cortisol in response to awakening.

    “We assessed the cortisol response to awakening in the elderly, which has been recently reported to be associated with HC integrity such that HC damage predicts lower levels of cortisol in response to awakening (Buchanan et al., 2004;Wolf et al., 2005).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Buchanan et al., 2004 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Wolf et al., 2005 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    These personality variables predicted the ability to habituate to repeated psychosocial stress, with subjects with low levels of self-esteem and low internal locus of control showing continuous high cortisol stress responses.

    “We further found that these personality variables predicted the ability to habituate to repeated psychosocial stress, with subjects with low levels of self-esteem and low internal locus of control showing continuous high cortisol stress responses (Kirschbaum et al., 1995).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Kirschbaum et al., 1995 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductcitation

    The correction for image intensity has been proven to recover most of the image artifacts present in the ICBM MR database.

    “Also, the correction for image intensity has been proven to recover most of the image artifacts present in the International Consortium of Brain Mapping MR database (Sled et al., 1998).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Sled et al., 1998 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Study design and conductcitation

    Cortisol from salivettes was analyzed using a time-resolved fluorescence immunoassay with documented validity and reliability.

    “Cortisol from salivettes was analyzed using a time-resolved fluorescence immunoassay with documented validity and reliability (Dressendorfer et al., 1992).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Dressendorfer et al., 1992 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Direct self-reported assessment of stress perception has proved relatively unsuccessful in the past, so cortisol stress response is a better indicator of the perceived stressfulness of the situation.

    “Direct self-reported assessment of stress perception has proved relatively unsuccessful in the past, thus we focused on the standard biomarker of stress, the cortisol stress response, as a better indicator of the perceived stressfulness of the situation (Dickerson and Kemeny, 2004;Kirschbaum et al., 1992).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Dickerson and Kemeny, 2004 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Kirschbaum et al., 1992 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductnone given

    Intra- and inter-assay variability is 3.5 and 5%, respectively.

    “Intra-and inter-assay variability is 3.5 and 5%, respectively.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductown data

    Neither age, nor hippocampal volume, self-esteem, locus of control, nor cortisol measures was significantly different between men and women in the elderly sample.

    “Neither age, nor hippocampal volume, self-esteem, locus of control, nor cortisol measures was significantly different between men and women in the elderly sample, thus we combined the men and women for our subsequent analyses.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductnone given

    The cortisol antibody cross-reacts less than 4% with deoxycorticosterone or deoxycortisol, and less than 0.5% with any other adrenal steroid.

    “This antibody cross-reacts less than 4% with deoxycorticosterone or deoxycortisol, and less than 0.5% with any other adrenal steroid.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    Cortisol dysregulation among elderly subjects took the form of reduced response to awakening, and this effect was associated with increasing age among subjects with low self-esteem and locus of control.

    “Consistent with previous research, then, cortisol dysregulation among elderly subjects took the form of reduced response to awakening, and this effect was associated with increasing age among subjects with low selfesteem and locus of control.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductcitation

    The validity of the self-esteem and locus of control measures has been established and shown to be generally independent of the emotional status of the subject.

    “The validity of these measures for the assessment of self-esteem and locus of control has been established and shown to be generally independent of the emotional status of the subject (Bachman and O'Malley, 1977).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Bachman and O'Malley, 1977

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductcitation

    The Rosenberg Self-esteem Scale is the most widely used and well-validated measure of global self-esteem.

    “We administered the Rosenberg Self-esteem Scale (Rosenberg, 1965), the most widely used and well-validated measure of global self-esteem.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Rosenberg, 1965

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductown data

    The two SEC groups did not differ with respect to age and education level.

    “In each case the two groups did not differ with respect to age and education level (Table 1).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductcitation

    The automatic stereotaxic transformation is as accurate as the manual procedure but shows higher stability.

    “It has been shown that the automatic stereotaxic transformation is as accurate as the manual procedure but shows higher stability (Collins et al., 1994).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Collins et al., 1994 source

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  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductown data

    In previous work with the filter paper procedure, protein content in salivary samples varied by an average of less than 1% across a wide range of samples.

    “In previous work with this procedure, we have established that protein content, measured in 0.1 n NaOH extracts, in salivary samples collected in this manner, varies by an average of less than 1% across a wide range of samples.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductcitation

    The segmentation protocol for the assessment of hippocampal volume has been validated in a number of projects.

    “The segmentation protocol for the assessment of hippocampal volume has recently been developed by our group, and we have since been able to validate it in a number of projects (Pruessner et al., 2000(Pruessner et al., , 2001(Pruessner et al., , 2002)).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Pruessner et al., 2000 source

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    • cites Pruessner et al., 2001 source

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    • cites Pruessner et al., 2002 source

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  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductnone given

    The study included cognitive assessments to control for possible signs of cognitive decline with aging (e.g., 3M scores), but this is a less than ideal approach.

    “Although we included cognitive assessments to control for possible signs of cognitive decline with aging (the 3M scores, for example), this is a less than ideal approach that should be revised in future studies.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductnone given

    The study used a cross-sectional approach while aiming to explain changes likely to occur as a result of aging.

    “First, we used a cross-sectional study approach, while aiming to explain changes that are likely to occur as a result of aging.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductown data

    The number of subjects in both populations was rather small, providing only moderate power to uncover a potentially existing mediation.

    “Although the number of subjects in both populations was rather small, thus providing only moderate power to uncover a potentially existing mediation in our subjects if existent in the general population, this casts further doubt on the explanation of the observed relationship as a consequence of cortisol neurotoxicity.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    The difference between high and low SEC levels was only slightly more pronounced in the elderly compared to the young, and this difference seems less than one should expect to result from a lifetime of neurotoxicity.

    “Although the elderly subjects did show smaller hippocampal volumes compared to the young, the difference between high and low SEC levels was only slightly more pronounced in the elderly compared to the young (16.6% hippocampal volume difference in the elderly, versus 12.5% volume difference in the young), a difference that seems less than one should expect to result from a lifetime of neurotoxicit”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductnone given

    In the younger sample, only men were studied, while in the elderly sample, men and women were investigated, with women comprising the majority of the subjects.

    “Another difference between the samples involved gender: in the younger sample, only men were studied, while in the elderly, men and women were investigated, with women comprising the majority of the subjects.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Study design and conductown data

    The mediation analysis was hampered by relatively low degrees of freedom.

    “Again, this analysis was hampered by the relatively low degrees of freedom, and thus these associations should be investigated in a larger study.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductown data

    The study did not collect IQ data to complement the personality assessment.

    “Relatedly, it should be noted that we did not collect IQ data to complement our personality assessment.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
35 of 35

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Little is known about possible biological mechanisms underlying self-esteem, or underlying the association between self-esteem and health and disease.

    “Little is known about possible biological mechanisms underlying self-esteem, or underlying the association between selfesteem, and health and disease.”
1 of 1

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Statistics that don’t add up

Each reported p-value recomputed from its test statistic and degrees of freedom.

  • Inconsistent p-value: (z = 2.62, p = .001

    Minor

    The paper reports p = .001 here; recomputing from the test statistic and its degrees of freedom gives p = .009 (two-tailed). The check cannot tell whether the statistic or the p-value is the misprint.

    Reported p = .001 · recomputed p = .009

1 of 1

Statistics recomputed

Every reported test result, recomputed from its test statistic and degrees of freedom. A result shows as not adding up only once an independent check has confirmed it.

  • Doesn’t add upz = 2.62reported p = .001 · recomputed p = .009

    “(z = 2.62, p = .001”

1 of 1

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.

  • Age-ADAS correlation has opposite signs in the results and table

    Minor

    The results text reports a negative correlation between age and ADAS-cog scores in the elderly sample, whereas the table reports a positive correlation of the same magnitude. The direction of this reported age association is therefore inconsistent.

1 of 1

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 3

  1. Griffore, 1990, Gender differences in correlates of college students' self-esteem, Coll. Stud. J., 24, 287
  2. Markus, 1991, The role of the self-concept in aging, Annu. Rev. Gerontol. Geriatr., 11, 111
  3. Sobel, 1982, Asymptotic intervals for indirect effects in structural equations models, vol. 1982, 290

Cited by

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Related

Authors
Pruessner, J. C., Baldwin, M. W., Dedovic, K., Renwick, R., Mahani, N. K., Lord, C., Meaney, M., & Lupien, S.
Affiliations
  • Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital (CA)
  • McGill University (CA)
  • Douglas Mental Health University Institute (CA)
Corresponding author
Pruessner, Jens C.
ORCID
Venue
NeuroImage
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2005-12
Volume
28
Issue
4
Pages
815-826
ISSN
1053-8119 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1016/j.neuroimage.2005.06.014
OpenAlex
W2083336847
Semantic Scholar
88af34dd84e0c7d2573d67b3b60611c4bc0037ca
Cited by
336
References
69
Citations by year
2026: 7 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 18 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 23 · 2017: 22 · 2016: 20 · 2015: 18 · 2014: 23 · 2013: 19 · 2012: 27
FWCI
4.34
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations
  • NeuroImage (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • KOPS (University of Konstanz) (submittedVersion)
Funders
Canadian Institutes of Health Research (15000, 67071)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
Keywords
self-esteem, internal locus of control, hippocampal volume, cortisol regulation, psychosocial stress, hippocampal atrophy, aging, cognitive decline, medial temporal lobe, personality traits, neuroendocrine stress response
MeSH terms
Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Aging, Amygdala, Cerebrospinal Fluid, Education, Female, Hippocampus, Humans, Hydrocortisone, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Middle Aged, Neuropsychological Tests, Personality Tests, Psychological Tests, Saliva, Self Concept, Stress, Psychological

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