The DOI matches its Crossref record; 77 of the 113 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
DOES WHAT POLICE DO AT HOT SPOTS MATTER? THE PHILADELPHIA POLICING TACTICS EXPERIMENT*
Open accessAbstract
Policing tactics that are proactive, focused on small places or groups of people in small places, and tailor specific solutions to problems using careful analysis of local conditions seem to be effective at reducing violent crime. But which tactics are most effective when applied at hot spots remains unknown. This article documents the design and implementation of a randomized controlled field experiment to test three policing tactics applied to small, high‐crime places: 1) foot patrol, 2) problem‐oriented policing, and 3) offender‐focused policing. A total of 81 experimental places were identified from the highest violent crime areas in Philadelphia (27 areas were judged amenable to each policing tactic). Within each group of 27 areas, 20 places were randomly assigned to receive treatment and 7 places acted as controls. Offender‐focused sites experienced a 42 percent reduction in all violent crime and a 50 percent reduction in violent felonies compared with their control places. Problem‐oriented policing and foot patrol did not significantly reduce violent crime or violent felonies. Potential explanations of these findings are discussed in the contexts of dosage, implementation, and hot spot stability over time.
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“The Philadelphia Policing Tactics randomized experiment noted deficiencies in both the foot patrol and POP treatment conditions (Groff et al., 2015, pp. 44–45).”
From Hot spots policing of small geographic areas effects on crime (2019) · cites this paper as Groff et al., 2015
In the citing paper
“In the Philadelphia Policing Tactics experiment, Groff et al. (2015) note that nearly half of the POP intervention hot spots began focusing on nonviolent crime problems after determining that violent crime was no longer the primary concern in the area.”
From Problem-oriented policing for reducing crime and disorder: An updated systematic review and meta-analysis (2020) · cites this paper as Groff et al. (2015)
In the citing paper
“Such a situation was observed in Philadelphia, with rookie foot-patrol officers in one intervention (Ratcliffe et al., 2011) generating greater levels of enforcement and crime reduction than veteran foot-patrol officers in another (Groff et al., 2015).”
From The Effect of Various Police Enforcement Actions on Violent Crime: Evidence From a Saturation Foot-Patrol Intervention (2018) · cites this paper as Groff et al., 2015
In the citing paper
“Staggered implementation of each tactic and some challenges maintaining treatment integrity”
From Hot spots policing of small geographic areas effects on crime (2019) · cites this paper as Groff et al. (2015)
In the citing paper
“Some studies employed offender subject lists to identify or predict prolific offenders and gather intelligence to target resources effectively (e.g., Groff et al., 2015;Saunders et al., 2016).”
From ‘Led by Intelligence': A Scoping Review on the Experimental Evaluation of Intelligence-Led Policing (2024) · cites this paper as Groff et al., 2015
In the citing paper
“However, from an empirical point of view, this premise must be balanced against Weisburd's paradox (Groff et al., 2015;Weisburd et al., 1993), which highlights the discrepancy between the expectation that increasing the sample size will enhance statistical power, and the reality that it often results in decreased statistical power.”
From ‘Led by Intelligence': A Scoping Review on the Experimental Evaluation of Intelligence-Led Policing (2024) · cites this paper as Groff et al., 2015
In the citing paper
“In addition to hot spot analysis, studies also incorporated offender-focused techniques, such as offender identification and analysis (Groff et al., 2015;Santos & Santos, 2016).”
From ‘Led by Intelligence': A Scoping Review on the Experimental Evaluation of Intelligence-Led Policing (2024) · cites this paper as Groff et al., 2015
In the citing paper
“In the Philadelphia policing tactics experiment, it was revealed that police officers exercised more discretion when implementing an offender focused ILP intervention (Groff et al., 2015).”
From ‘Led by Intelligence': A Scoping Review on the Experimental Evaluation of Intelligence-Led Policing (2024) · cites this paper as Groff et al., 2015
In the citing paper
“In addition, some studies have advocated including other stakeholders, such as citizens, criminals, or victims who are directly or indirectly affected by the intervention, to enhance awareness and communication about specific policing methods (Groff et al., 2015;Ratcliffe et al., 2011).”
From ‘Led by Intelligence': A Scoping Review on the Experimental Evaluation of Intelligence-Led Policing (2024) · cites this paper as Groff et al., 2015
In the citing paper
“For instance, in the Philadelphia policing tactics experiment, Groff et al. (2015) conducted a survey and found that police officers supported the use of actionable knowledge as part of an offender-focused policing approach rather than relying solely on intuition or so-called 'gut feelings.'”
From ‘Led by Intelligence': A Scoping Review on the Experimental Evaluation of Intelligence-Led Policing (2024) · cites this paper as Groff et al., 2015
In the citing paper
“This resulted in no significant difference in the number of investigative stops conducted by police officers in high-crime areas.”
From ‘Led by Intelligence': A Scoping Review on the Experimental Evaluation of Intelligence-Led Policing (2024) · cites this paper as Groff et al., 2015
In the citing paper
“Crime displacement was then measured by using specific mathematical parameters such as the weighted displacement quotient (WDQ) (e.g., Ariel et al., 2016;Groff et al., 2015;Piza & O'Hara, 2014;Piza et al., 2015;Ratcliffe et al., 2011Ratcliffe et al., , 2017) ) or the weighted displacement difference statistic (Kennedy et al., 2022), taking into account the crime rates or counts prior to and during”
From ‘Led by Intelligence': A Scoping Review on the Experimental Evaluation of Intelligence-Led Policing (2024) · cites this paper as Groff et al., 2015
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HOT SPOTS OF PREDATORY CRIME: ROUTINE ACTIVITIES AND THE CRIMINOLOGY OF PLACE*
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“When community members perceive that police actions are fair, they are more likely to be more satisfied with and have confidence in police services, follow the law, and help police fight crime (Reisig and Lloyd, 2009; Taylor and Lawton, 2014; Tyler, 1988, 2004).”
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Hot spots policing and crime reduction: an update of an ongoing systematic review and meta-analysis
Braga, A. A., Turchan, B. S., Papachristos, A. V., & Hureau, D. M. (2019) · Journal of Experimental Criminology · doi:10.1007/s11292-019-09372-3 · Cited by 352
“The 65 eligible studies included (1) Minneapolis Repeat Call Address Policing (RECAP) Program (Sherman et al. 1989a) (2) New York Tactical Narcotics Teams (Sviridoff et al. 1992) (3) St. Louis Problem-Oriented Policing in threeDrugMarket Locations Study (Hope 1994) (4) Minneapolis Hot Spots Patrol Program (Sherman and…”
BackgroundHot spots policing of small geographic areas effects on crime
Braga, A. A., Turchan, B., Papachristos, A. V., & Hureau, D. M. (2019) · Campbell Systematic Reviews: Better Evidence for a Better World · doi:10.1002/cl2.1046 · Cited by 260
Hinkle, J. C., Weisburd, D., Telep, C. W., & Petersen, K. (2020) · Campbell Systematic Reviews: Better Evidence for a Better World · doi:10.1002/cl2.1089 · Cited by 194
The Effects of Local Police Surges on Crime and Arrests in New York City
MacDonald, J., Fagan, J., & Geller, A. (2016) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0157223 · Cited by 145
“finding that the offender-focused approach was the most effective in reducing violent crime (Groff et al., 2015).”
BackgroundUrban Blight Remediation as a Cost-Beneficial Solution to Firearm Violence
Branas, C. C., Kondo, M. C., Murphy, S. M., South, E. C., Polsky, D., & MacDonald, J. M. (2016) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2016.303434 · Cited by 170
Lum, C. M., & Nagin, D. S. (2016) · Crime and Justice · doi:10.1086/688462 · Cited by 140
“Braga, Hureau, and Papachristos (2014), Groff et al. (2014), and Papachristos and Kirk (2015) found significant effects of focused deterrence on violent crime.”
BackgroundMapping the Risk Terrain for Crime Using Machine Learning
Wheeler, A. P., & Steenbeek, W. (2020) · Journal of Quantitative Criminology · doi:10.1007/s10940-020-09457-7 · Cited by 134
Ratcliffe, J. H., Groff, E. R., Sorg, E. T., & Haberman, C. P. (2015) · Journal of Experimental Criminology · doi:10.1007/s11292-015-9230-2 · Cited by 91
“We point readers to the experimental evaluation for further information on the design of the study and the results (Groff et al. 2015).”
InfluentialSelf-citationStop the Violence in Latin America: A Look at Prevention from Cradle to Adulthood
Chioda, L. (2017) · doi:10.1596/978-1-4648-0664-3 · Cited by 68
Haberman, C. P. (2017) · Criminology & Public Policy · doi:10.1111/1745-9133.12303 · Cited by 71
Self-citationPlace Matters: Criminology for the Twenty-First Century
Weisburd, D., Eck, J., Braga, A. A., Telep, C. W., Cave, B., Bowers, K., Bruinsma, G., Gill, C., Groff, E. R., Hibdon, J., et al. (2016) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139342087 · Cited by 61
Self-citationPickett, J. T., & Roche, S. P. (2016) · Criminology & Public Policy · doi:10.1111/1745-9133.12217 · Cited by 60
Long, D.-P., Liu, L., Xu, M.-G., Feng, J., Chen, J.-G., & He, L. (2021) · Cities · doi:10.1016/j.cities.2021.103223 · Cited by 56
“Besides, our finding is consistent with previous studies on security equipment with a focus on small places or groups of people in small places (Groff et al., 2015; Kinney et al., 2008; Kubrin et al., 2010; Long et al., 2018; Reid & Andresen, 2014; Sampson & Cohen, 1988).”
Hot spots policing in a high-crime environment: an experimental evaluation in Medellín
Collazos, D., García, E., Mejía, D., Ortega, D., & Tobón, S. (2021) · Journal of Experimental Criminology · doi:10.1007/s11292-019-09390-1 · Cited by 54
Measuring the Spatial and Temporal Patterns of Police Proactivity
Wu, X., & Lum, C. (2017) · Journal of Quantitative Criminology · doi:10.1007/s10940-016-9318-5 · Cited by 52
“…qualitative studies of this agency showed the JSO as willing and able to carry out proactive policing activities, evaluations, and innovations (see Groff et al. 2015; Harris Corporation and the Jacksonville Sheriff’s Office 2002; Taylor et al. 2011), and that proactivity is a concept that…”
BackgroundAriel, B., Sherman, L. W., & Newton, M. (2020) · Criminology · doi:10.1111/1745-9125.12231 · Cited by 51
Henstock, D., & Ariel, B. (2017) · Apollo (University of Cambridge) · doi:10.17863/cam.8254 · Cited by 48
Laufs, J., BOWERS, K. J., Birks, D., & Johnson, S. D. (2020) · Policing & Society · doi:10.1080/10439463.2020.1791862 · Cited by 58
Measuring disparities in police activities: a state of the art review
Smith, M. R., Rojek, J. J., Petrocelli, M., & Withrow, B. L. (2017) · Policing An International Journal · doi:10.1108/pijpsm-06-2016-0074 · Cited by 46
Can Precision Policing Reduce Gun Violence? Evidence from “Gang Takedowns” in New York City
Chalfin, A. J., LaForest, M., & Kaplan, J. (2021) · Journal of Policy Analysis and Management · doi:10.1002/pam.22323 · Cited by 42
“Recent reviews of the literature on hot spots policing, which includes a number of well-executed randomized experiments (Braga & Bond, 2008; Groff et al., 2015; Sherman & Weisburd, 1995), find that these efforts have generally been successful in reducing crime without displacing crime to adjacent…”
BackgroundPolicing Directions: a Systematic Review on the Effectiveness of Police Presence
Dau, P. M., Vandeviver, C., Dewinter, M., Witlox, F., & Beken, T. V. (2021) · European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10610-021-09500-8 · Cited by 54
“For quite some time now, research has been interested in what officers do and how they patrol (Groff et al. 2015, Wuschke et al. 2018).”
BackgroundAriel, B., Bland, M., & Sutherland, A. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0187392 · Cited by 37
Jackson, J., Brunton‐Smith, I., Bradford, B., Oliveira, T. R., Pósch, K., & Sturgis, P. (2020) · Journal of Quantitative Criminology · doi:10.1007/s10940-020-09467-5 · Cited by 51
“Although there is a possibility that due to diversion of resources to certain areas other (not targeted) neighborhoods might suffer, recent policing studies have found only very limited negative side-effects during focused interventions (Groff et al. 2015; Sidebottom et al. 2017).”
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Hitchens, B. K., Carr, P. J., & Clampet‐Lundquist, S. (2017) · Race and Justice · doi:10.1177/2153368717724506 · Cited by 43
“As these tactics often focus on police-designated “hot spots” (Groff et al., 2015) in low-income communities, Black and brown Philadelphians are disproportionate recipients of involuntary police contact including unwarranted stops, frisks, and misconduct by police (ACLU, 2010; Goffman, 2015;…”
BackgroundPiza, E. L. (2018) · Criminal Justice Policy Review · doi:10.1177/0887403417725370 · Cited by 32
“While Ratcliffe et al. (2011) found that foot patrol generated significant crime reductions at hot spots, Groff et al. (2015) found that foot patrol was not associated with any changes in crime occurrence.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialStreet Light Outages, Public Safety and Crime Attraction
Chalfin, A. J., Kaplan, J., & LaForest, M. (2021) · Journal of Quantitative Criminology · doi:10.1007/s10940-021-09519-4 · Cited by 44
Schnell, C., Grossman, L. S., & Braga, A. A. (2018) · Journal of Criminal Justice · doi:10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2018.10.002 · Cited by 46
Conflicts and congruencies between predictive policing and the patrol officer’s craft
Ratcliffe, J. H., Taylor, R. B., & Fisher, R. (2019) · Policing & Society · doi:10.1080/10439463.2019.1577844 · Cited by 45
Self-citationAllocating Police Resources While Limiting Racial Inequality
Wheeler, A. P. (2019) · Justice Quarterly · doi:10.1080/07418825.2019.1630471 · Cited by 44
Crime and the NTE: multi-classification crime (MCC) hot spots in time and space
Newton, A. (2015) · Crime Science · doi:10.1186/s40163-015-0040-7 · Cited by 71
“Explanations for crime have focussed on: NTE places deemed to have ‘too many’ licensed premises, those saturated with a high density of premises (Livingston, 2008; Pridemore & Grubesic, 2013); and, premises open ‘too long’, with concerns over the length of time premises can remain open for, based…”
BackgroundPiza, E. L., & Feng, S. Q. (2017) · Police Quarterly · doi:10.1177/1098611117697056 · Cited by 32
Schwartz, J. A. (2019) · Justice Quarterly · doi:10.1080/07418825.2019.1599044 · Cited by 32
Institutionalizing Place-Based Approaches: Opening ‘Cases’ on Gun Crime Hot Spots
Koper, C. S., Egge, S. J., & Lum, C. M. (2015) · Policing A Journal of Policy and Practice · doi:10.1093/police/pav023 · Cited by 30
“Although many types of police activities are helpful in managing hot spots, evaluation studies suggest that interventions grounded in problemoriented policing (POP) are generally most effective (Braga and Bond, 2008; Taylor et al., 2011; Braga et al., 2012; but see also Groff et al., 2015).”
BackgroundFactor, R. (2018) · Accident Analysis & Prevention · doi:10.1016/j.aap.2018.09.005 · Cited by 30
Weisburd, D. L., Majmundar, M. K., Aden, H., Braga, A. A., Bueermann, J., Cook, P. J., Goff, P. A., Harmon, R. A., Haviland, A. M., Lum, C. M., et al. (2019) · Asian Journal of Criminology · doi:10.1007/s11417-019-09284-1 · Cited by 43
Self-citationLong, D.-P., Liu, L., Feng, J., Zhou, S.-H., & Jing, F.-R. (2018) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su10061818 · Cited by 24
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Police Activities and Community Views of Police in Crime Hot Spots
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“Knowing more about how different hot spot policing approaches affect public perceptions and attitudes would greatly inform research on best strategies to use in hot spots for enhancing crime prevention as well as police-community relations (Braga et al., 2019; Braga & Bond, 2008; Groff et al., 2015; Kochel et al., 201…”
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“It also enables the mapping and display of crime incidents by visualizing crime trends and hot spots (Andresen 2011; Groff et al. 2015).”
BackgroundSmith, M. R., Tillyer, R., & Tregle, B. (2023) · Journal of Criminal Justice · doi:10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2023.102091 · Cited by 24
The Extent and Correlates of Public Support for Deterrence Reforms and Hot Spots Policing
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Santos, R. B., & Santos, R. G. (2015) · doi:10.1186/s40163-015-0041-6 · Cited by 19
“2014), but there is much less research on response dosage (Groff et al. 2015; Telep et al. 2014).”
Implementation issues with hot spot policing
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Haberman, C. P., & Stiver, W. H. (2018) · Police Quarterly · doi:10.1177/1098611118813531 · Cited by 18
Self-citationOn to the next one? Using social network data to inform police target prioritization
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A View Inside the “Black Box” of Hot Spots Policing From a Sample of Police Commanders
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“…leadership, the PPD has operated under a city-wide hot spots policing strategy, conducted two hot spots policing experiments in collaboration with academic researchers (Groff et al., 2015; Ratcliffe et al., 2011), and worked to improve the department’s crime and intelligence analysis capacity.”
BackgroundSelf-citationAshby, M. P. J., & Tompson, L. (2015) · Justice Quarterly · doi:10.1080/07418825.2015.1103380 · Cited by 17
“For example, many police agencies direct their officers to particular places at times when offenders are known to be active (e.g. Groff et al., 2015), which may result in officers being more likely to convert an opportunity to search someone into an actual search.”
BackgroundThe effects of hot spots policing on violence: A systematic review and meta-analysis
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“This oversight can lead to long-term risks, such as undermining police legitimacy and disrupting the lives of law-abiding citizens who live or work in those areas [43,44].”
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Kim, D.-Y., Phillips, S. W., & Wheeler, A. P. (2016) · Criminal Justice Policy Review · doi:10.1177/0887403416664567 · Cited by 15
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“…or problem-oriented sites, the study was still able to conclude that the locations where an offender-focus strategy was implemented “ produced significant decreases in violent crime, with decreases in 42 percent for all violence and 50 percent for violent felonies ” (Groff et al. , 2015, p. 42).”
Self-citationMacDonald, J. M. (2023) · Journal of Experimental Criminology · doi:10.1007/s11292-023-09558-w · Cited by 18
“Social control from criminal justice agencies • Hot Spots Policing (Groff et al., (2015).”
InfluentialSimpson, R., & Hipp, J. R. (2017) · Policing & Society · doi:10.1080/10439463.2017.1405957 · Cited by 11
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Problem-Oriented Policing in Suburban Low-Income Housing: A Quasi-Experiment
Carson, J. V., & Wellman, A. P. (2018) · Police Quarterly · doi:10.1177/1098611117744005 · Cited by 13
“The Weisburd and colleagues’ study and others like it (e.g., Groff et al., 2015; Groff, Weisburd, & Yang, 2010; Piza & O’Hara, 2014; Weisburd, 2015) support the premise that aggregate city crime rates and trajectories over time can be influenced by ‘‘microgeographic hot spots.’’”
Background‘Led by Intelligence': A Scoping Review on the Experimental Evaluation of Intelligence-Led Policing
Khalfa, R., & Hardyns, W. (2024) · Evaluation Review · doi:10.1177/0193841x231204588 · Cited by 12
Deckard, M., & Schnell, C. (2022) · Crime & Delinquency · doi:10.1177/00111287221128483 · Cited by 11
Improving Youths’ Attitudes About the Police: Results From an Experimental Design
Freiburger, T. L. (2018) · Criminal Justice Review · doi:10.1177/0734016818811919 · Cited by 13
Taylor, B. G., Liu, W., Maitra, P., Koper, C. S., Sheridan-Johnson, J., & Johnson, W. D. (2022) · Journal of Experimental Criminology · doi:10.1007/s11292-022-09541-x · Cited by 10
“As noted by Groff and colleagues, these types of policing interventions can be difficult to implement consistently and measure effectiveness with an RCT framework (Groff et al., 2015), raising questions about the feasibility of maintaining an RCT of this type of intervention for a year across over 100 hot spots with p…”
InfluentialHatten, D. N., & Piza, E. L. (2021) · Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency · doi:10.1177/00224278211016030 · Cited by 18
“Lastly, enforcement activity may be a driver of temporal displacement activity, finding support for the influence of police activities and crime (Groff et al. 2015; Sorg et al. 2014; Telep et al. 2014) but given the small effect sizes the increases in enforcement 148 Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 59(1)”
Santos, R. B., & dos Santos, R. G. (2020) · Journal of Quantitative Criminology · doi:10.1007/s10940-020-09456-8 · Cited by 11
Redrawing Hot Spots of Crime in Dallas, Texas
Wheeler, A. P., & Reuter, S. (2020) · Police Quarterly · doi:10.1177/1098611120957948 · Cited by 10
The Spatial Effect of Police Foot Patrol on Crime Patterns: A Local Analysis
Andresen, M. A., & Shen, J.-L. (2019) · International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology · doi:10.1177/0306624x19828586 · Cited by 13
Land, K. (2015) · Criminology & Public Policy · doi:10.1111/1745-9133.12143 · Cited by 11
The Future of the Criminology of Place
Weisburd, D. L., Ariel, B., Braga, A. A., Eck, J. E., Gill, C. E., Groff, E. R., Uding, C. V., & Zaatut, A. (2025) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781009590952 · Cited by 10
Self-citationStreet Light Outages, Public Safety and Crime Displacement: Evidence from ChicagoPreprint
Chalfin, A. J., Kaplan, J., & LaForest, M. (2020) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3526467 · Cited by 10
“…in experimental and quasi-experimental studies of hot spots policing (Sherman and Weisburd, 1995; Braga and Bond, 2008; Braga et al., 2014; Groff et al., 2015; Blattman et al., 2017) disorder reduction (Braga and Bond, 2008; Branas et al., 2011; MacDonald et al., 2016; Branas et al.,…”
Hot Spots Across the Metropolis: Evaluating Hot Spots Directed Patrol at City and Suburban Locations
Schaefer, B. P., Hughes, T. W., & Stelzig, W. C. (2019) · Justice quarterly · doi:10.1080/07418825.2019.1616804 · Cited by 10
“For instance, Gill et al. (2017) examined Brooklyn Park, WA and found 50 percent of the city ’ s crime occurred at 2 percent of Brooklyn Park ’ s street segments, indicating lower street variability compared to other cities, such as Seattle (Groff, Weisburd, & Morris, 2009; Groff et al., 2015).”
Bolaji, Q., & Metcalfe, C. F. (2024) · Crime & Delinquency · doi:10.1177/00111287231226188 · Cited by 9
“…concentrating police efforts in high crime areas, multiple strategies have been used (e.g., aggressive order-maintenance policing, offender-focused policing, situational interventions), with some receiving more support than others (A. Braga et al., 2012; Groff et al., 2015; Weisburd & Eck, 2004).”
Koper, C. S., Liu, W., Taylor, B. G., Wu, X., Johnson, W., & Sheridan-Johnson, J. (2023) · Police Quarterly · doi:10.1177/10986111231202433 · Cited by 9
“While some of the circumstances limiting these efforts in our study sites may have been unique (e.g., the COVID-19 pandemic), others have also documented the dif fi culty of implementing rigorous problem-solving in patrol work (e.g., Cordner & Biebel, 2005; Groff et al., 2015; Skogan et al., 1999).”
Transitioning from pandemic to normalcy: what police departments can learn from the rank-and-file
Gaub, J. E., Koen, M. C., & Davis, S. (2021) · Policing An International Journal · doi:10.1108/pijpsm-09-2021-0127 · Cited by 11
Using officers’ perspectives to guide the implementation of hot spots foot patrols
Haberman, C. P., & Stiver, W. H. (2019) · Policing & Society · doi:10.1080/10439463.2019.1611822 · Cited by 7
Self-citationA typological approach to studying policing
Simpson, R., & Hipp, J. R. (2017) · Policing & Society · doi:10.1080/10439463.2017.1394299 · Cited by 8
The Benefits of Patrol Officers Using Unallocated Time for Everyday Crime Prevention
Wooditch, A. (2021) · Journal of Quantitative Criminology · doi:10.1007/s10940-021-09527-4 · Cited by 15
Telep, C. W., Ready, J. T., & Bottema, A. J. (2017) · Policing A Journal of Policy and Practice · doi:10.1093/police/pax094 · Cited by 12
Burke, P. J. (2022) · Journal of Crime and Justice · doi:10.1080/0735648x.2022.2072366 · Cited by 7
A Randomized Control Trial of a Targeted High-Risk Offender Program Across Three Jurisdictions
Uchida, C. D., Swatt, M. L., Schnobrich-Davis, J., Connor, C., Shutinya, M., & Wagner, D. (2018) · Police Quarterly · doi:10.1177/1098611118807771 · Cited by 7
Circo, G., Pizarro, J., & McGarrell, E. (2018) · Criminal Justice Policy Review · doi:10.1177/0887403416655431 · Cited by 7
“Recent research suggests that combining people- and place-based strategies, such as focusing on prolific offenders in hotspot locations, holds significant promise for violence reduction (Groff et al., 2015; Uchida & Swatt, 2013).”
BackgroundFoot Patrol: The Impact of Continuity, Outreach, and Traditional Policing Activities
Kringen, J., Sedelmaier, C. M., & Dlugolenski, E. (2018) · Policing A Journal of Policy and Practice · doi:10.1093/police/pay006 · Cited by 7
Examining drug enforcement by specialized police units in Chicago, 2008–2019
Burke, P. J. (2022) · Journal of criminal justice · doi:10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2022.101905 · Cited by 7
Hot Spots Policing: Assessing the Impact on Officer-Initiated Activity
Tregle, B., Tillyer, R., & Smith, M. R. (2025) · Police Quarterly · doi:10.1177/10986111251317475 · Cited by 8
“Treatments tested to date include increases in foot or vehicle patrol, offender-focused apprehension programs, camera monitoring with directed patrol, drug enforcement operations, and problem-oriented policing strategies (Braga et al., 2019; Groff, 2015; Rosenfeld et al., 2014).”
Petersen, K., Weisburd, D. L., Hinkle, J. C., Telep, C. W., & Fay, S. (2024) · Aggression and Violent Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.avb.2024.101988 · Cited by 9
Crime, place, policy, and politics
Abt, T., Wilson, D. B., Kimbrell, C. S., Hahn, R., & Johnson, W. (2024) · Aggression and Violent Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.avb.2024.101991 · Cited by 7
“Some studies suggest that temporary deployment of patrol officers is best, while others suggest focused teams are more effective (Groff et al., 2015; Koper, 1995).”
Ward, K. J., Yoo, J., Liu, W., Sheridan-Johnson, J., & Taylor, B. G. (2024) · Police Quarterly · doi:10.1177/10986111241257879 · Cited by 5
“Despite this promise, the literature points to the challenge of implementation to see the potential full effect of hot spots policing and POP (Eck, 2006; Groff et al., 2015; Townsley et al., 2003).”
Huff, J., Freemon, K. R., & Katz, C. (2023) · Justice Evaluation Journal · doi:10.1080/24751979.2023.2232437 · Cited by 6
“This is an important limitation given that what officers do at crime hot spots matters for reducing violence in these places (Groff et al., 2015).”
BackgroundPolice equilibrium: a glocal assessment of the demand and supply of police
Dau, P. M., Dewinter, M., Beken, T. V., Witlox, F., & Vandeviver, C. (2022) · Policing & Society · doi:10.1080/10439463.2022.2149750 · Cited by 6
Ariel, B. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108278423.022 · Cited by 17
Squatting and adverse possession
Biasi, A. D. (2019) · City · doi:10.1080/13604813.2019.1579501 · Cited by 6
Collaborative problem-solving at youth crime hot spots: a pilot study
Gill, C., Weisburd, D., Vitter, Z., Gross Shader, C., Nelson-Zagar, T., & Spain, L. (2018) · Policing: An International Journal · doi:10.1108/pijpsm-12-2017-0152 · Cited by 5
A Randomized Controlled Trial of a Hot Spots Policing Initiative in Suburban and Rural Areas
Haberman, C. P., O’Guinn, B. J., McGrath, M., Kumavat, A. V., & Orue, A. (2025) · Justice Evaluation Journal · doi:10.1080/24751979.2025.2475352 · Cited by 5
“Third, focusing on specific offenders who are driving crime problems in hot spots (i.e., offender-focused policing) can reduce crime (Groff et al., 2015).”
InfluentialSelf-citationKochel, T. R., Nouri, S., & Samadi, S. (2021) · Criminal Justice Policy Review · doi:10.1177/08874034211063812 · Cited by 5
Public response to community engagement patrols in high crime areas
Kahn, K. B., Henning, K., Stewart, G., Renauer, B., Peterson, C., Mitchell, R. J., Labissiere, Y., & Sothern, S. (2019) · Policing An International Journal · doi:10.1108/pijpsm-04-2019-0051 · Cited by 9
A few clarifying comments on Pickett and Roche (2016)
Pickett, J. T., & Roche, S. P. (2016) · doi:10.1111/1745-9133.12230 · Cited by 5
Assessing the Validity of the Law of Crime Concentration Across Different Temporal Scales
Haberman, C. P., Sorg, E. T., & Ratcliffe, J. H. (2016) · Journal of Quantitative Criminology · doi:10.1007/s10940-016-9327-4 · Cited by 63
Self-citationCan Gun Violence Be Deterred at Low Cost? Evidence from a Randomized Experiment in New York CityPreprint
Aboaba, O., Chalfin, A., Tucker, M. L., Parker, L., & Sharkey, P. (2024) · Social Science Research Network · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4833931 · Cited by 4
Crime Prediction Using Decision Trees, Random Forests, and Hybrid Algorithm: A Comparative Analysis
Mwaniki, B., Mwalili, T., & Ogada, K. (2023) · 2023 7th International Conference on New Media Studies (CONMEDIA) · doi:10.1109/conmedia60526.2023.10428374 · Cited by 4
“However, one major weakness of traditional systems is the dependence on historical data, implying that even though host spots could be visualized, law enforcement agencies could not respond in real time [3].”
BackgroundAn Exploration of the Impact of COVID-19 on Police Demand, Capacity and Capability
Halford, E. (2022) · The social science · doi:10.3390/socsci11070305 · Cited by 4
“…2011; Curtin et al. 2007; D’Amico et al. 2002; De La Cruz 2016; Decker et al. 2007; Fleming and Grabosky 2009; Greasley and Smith 2017; Green 1984; Groff et al. 2014; Heller and Markland 1970; Johnson and Rhodes 2009; Maxfield 1982; Mazzerolle et al. 2002; Moore and Braga 2003; Sacks 2003; Sarac…”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- GROFF, E. R., RATCLIFFE, J. H., HABERMAN, C. P., SORG, E. T., JOYCE, N. M., & TAYLOR, R. B.
- Affiliations
- Temple University (US)
- Philadelphia Police Department
- Corresponding author
- GROFF, ELIZABETH R.
- Venue
- Criminology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2014-12-10
- Volume
- 53
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 23-53
- ISSN
- 0011-1384 (ISSN-L)
- 1745-9125
- OpenAlex
- W1557889145
- Cited by
- 202
- References
- 113
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 18 · 2019: 45 · 2018: 21 · 2017: 22 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 9
- FWCI
- 47.63
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Criminology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- Bureau of Justice Assistance (2009-DG-BX-0037)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Crime Patterns and Interventions
- Social Sciences › Political Science and International Relations › Policing Practices and Perceptions
- Social Sciences › Law › Criminal Justice and Penology
- Keywords
- hot spot policing, violent crime reduction, foot patrol, problem-oriented policing, Philadelphia, dosage effect, police tactics
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