Hot spots policing and crime reduction: an update of an ongoing systematic review and meta-analysis
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Substantial evidence shows proactive policing can have meaningful effects on crime, especially when it is focused at crime hot spots.
“There is now substantial evidence that proactive policing can have meaningful effects on crime, especially when it is focused at crime hot spots—small areas, such as street segments that produce a substantial part of the crime problem (4–6).”
From Reforming the police through procedural justice training: A multicity randomized trial at crime hot spots (2022) · cites this paper as [5]
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The science and practice of hot-spots policing
Braga, A. A. (2016) · doi:10.4324/9781315737874-28 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
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Glaeser, E. L. (2021) · Urban Studies · doi:10.1177/00420980211052230 · Cited by 192 · see citing works
“The NYPD’s hot spots policing strategy of targeting police resources to high crime areas seems to have reduced crime in the targeted areas (Braga et al., 2019; MacDonald et al., 2016).”
BackgroundWeisburd, D., Telep, C. W., Vovak, H., Zastrow, T., Braga, A. A., & Turchan, B. (2022) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2118780119 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
Self-citationCommunity policing does not build citizen trust in police or reduce crime in the Global South
Blair, G., Weinstein, J. M., Christia, F., Arias, E., Badran, E., Blair, R., Cheema, A., Farooqui, A. Z., Fetzer, T., Grossman, G., et al. (2021) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.abd3446 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Engel, R. S., Corsaro, N., Isaza, G. T., & McManus, H. D. (2022) · Criminology & Public Policy · doi:10.1111/1745-9133.12574 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Turnover in large US policing agencies following the George Floyd protests
Adams, I. T., Mourtgos, S. M., & Nix, J. (2023) · Journal of Criminal Justice · doi:10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2023.102105 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Butt, U. M., Letchmunan, S., Hassan, F. H., Ali, M., Baqir, A., Koh, T. W., & Sherazi, H. H. R. (2021) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2021.3068306 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
“In this regard, analyzing crime hot-spots is an important and popular approach [20]–[23].”
BackgroundFirearm Instrumentality: Do Guns Make Violent Situations More Lethal?
Braga, A. A., Griffiths, E., Sheppard, K. G., & Douglas, S. (2020) · Annual Review of Criminology · doi:10.1146/annurev-criminol-061020-021528 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Self-citationCrime concentrations at micro places: A review of the evidence
Weisburd, D. L., Zastrow, T., Kuen, K., & Andresen, M. A. (2024) · Aggression and Violent Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.avb.2024.101979 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Crime, quarantine, and the U.S. coronavirus pandemic
López, E., & Rosenfeld, R. (2021) · Criminology & Public Policy · doi:10.1111/1745-9133.12557 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Stop and Risk: Policing, Data, and the Digital Age of Discrimination
Browning, M., & Arrigo, B. A. (2020) · American Journal of Criminal Justice · doi:10.1007/s12103-020-09557-x · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Monaghan, J. (2023) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197610725.001.0001 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Policing Directions: a Systematic Review on the Effectiveness of Police Presence
Dau, P. M., Vandeviver, C., Dewinter, M., Witlox, F., & Beken, T. V. (2021) · European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10610-021-09500-8 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
“…and patrol strategies were consulted (Famega 2005, Bradford 2011, Lee et al. 2013, Braga et al. 2014, Braga et al. 2015, Carriaga and Worrall 2015, Braga and Welsh 2016, Lee et al. 2016, Chalfin and McCrary 2017, Braga et al. 2019b, Braga et al. 2019a, Braga et al. 2019c, Kounadi et al. 2020).”
BackgroundInfluentialYesberg, J. A., Brunton‐Smith, I., & Bradford, B. (2021) · European Journal of Criminology · doi:10.1177/14773708211035306 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
“It does, though, run somewhat against current fashion in police science and management, which stresses that (a) undirected police patrol is ineffective in reducing crime and (b) patrols should be targeted toward high-crime locations (Braga et al., 2019).”
BackgroundConnecting evidence-based policing and cybercrime
Koziarski, J., & Lee, J. R. (2020) · Policing An International Journal · doi:10.1108/pijpsm-07-2019-0107 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Whose 'Eyes on the Street' Control Crime?
Linning, S. J., & Eck, J. E. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108954143 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Thomas, A. L., Piza, E. L., Welsh, B. C., & Farrington, D. P. (2021) · International Journal of Comparative and Applied Criminal Justice · doi:10.1080/01924036.2021.1879885 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
“2 Following the analytical approach of recent systematic reviews (Braga et al., 2018, 2019; Piza et al., 2019), we conduct our meta-analyses using three approaches.”
MethodThe impact of COVID-19 on police officer activities
Nielson, K. R., Zhang, Y., & Ingram, J. (2022) · Journal of criminal justice · doi:10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2022.101943 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Little evidence that military policing reduces crime or improves human security
Blair, R., & WEINTRAUB, M. I. (2023) · Nature Human Behaviour · doi:10.1038/s41562-023-01600-1 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
A Framework for Addressing Violence and Serious Crime
Braga, A. A., & Kennedy, D. M. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108938143 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Self-citationPiza, E. L., Wheeler, A. P., Connealy, N. T., & Feng, S. Q. (2020) · Criminology & Public Policy · doi:10.1111/1745-9133.12488 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Acoustic gunshot detection systems: a quasi-experimental evaluation in St. Louis, MO
Mares, D. M., & Blackburn, E. (2020) · Journal of Experimental Criminology · doi:10.1007/s11292-019-09405-x · Cited by 35 · see citing works
“Evidence from CCTV indicates that such systems can establish reasonable reductions in offending in the areas covered (Ratcliffe et al. 2009; Welsh and Farrington 2009; Braga et al. 2019; Piza et al. 2019).”
BackgroundNix, J., Huff, J., Wolfe, S. E., Pyrooz, D. C., & Mourtgos, S. M. (2024) · Criminology · doi:10.1111/1745-9125.12363 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
“These findings are consistent with the proactive policing literature and suggest that surgical use of police stops may provide beneficial impacts in the form of crime reductions (Braga et al., 2019; Hinkle et al., 2020).”
Disorder policing to reduce crime: An updated systematic review and meta‐analysis
Braga, A. A., Schnell, C., & Welsh, B. C. (2024) · Criminology & Public Policy · doi:10.1111/1745-9133.12667 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Self-citation#Defund or #Re-Fund? Re-examining Bayley’s blueprint for police reform
Koziarski, J., & Huey, L. (2021) · International Journal of Comparative and Applied Criminal Justice · doi:10.1080/01924036.2021.1907604 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
“…such as hot spots policing, problem-oriented policing, as well as pulling-levers policing suggests these strategies can be relatively effective at preventing or responding to various forms of criminal activity (Braga et al., 2001, 2019; Kennedy, 2006; Braga & Weisburd, 2012; Weisburd et al., 2019).”
BackgroundBeam, D. R., Szabó, A., Olson, J. T., Hoffman, L., & Beyer, K. M. M. (2020) · Injury Prevention · doi:10.1136/injuryprev-2020-043767 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Saint‐Guillain, M., Paquay, C., & Limbourg, S. (2020) · European Journal of Operational Research · doi:10.1016/j.ejor.2020.11.007 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
“The results of the meta-analysis conducted by Braga et al. (2019) confirm that focusing police efforts at hot spots can be effective in preventing crime.”
ResultBland, M., Leggetter, M., Cestaro, D., & Sebire, J. (2021) · Cambridge Journal of Evidence-Based Policing · doi:10.1007/s41887-021-00066-3 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Wolfe, S. E., & McLean, K. D. (2021) · Journal of Social Issues · doi:10.1111/josi.12434 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Gun violence is a public health crisis that needs more applied criminologists
Braga, A. A. (2022) · Criminology & Public Policy · doi:10.1111/1745-9133.12608 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Self-citationConnealy, N. T. (2020) · Crime and delinquency · doi:10.1177/0011128720926116 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“Since the conception of the criminology of place (Sherman et al., 1989), microlevel crime hot spots and hot spots policing have become important topics in the field of criminal justice (Braga et al., 2019; Weisburd, 2015).”
The Limits of Reallocative and Algorithmic Policing
Hunt, L. W. (2022) · Criminal Justice Ethics · doi:10.1080/0731129x.2022.2056351 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Smith, M. R., Tillyer, R., & Tregle, B. (2023) · Journal of Criminal Justice · doi:10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2023.102091 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Rivara, F. P., Richmond, T. S., Hargarten, S. W., Branas, C. C., Rowhani‐Rahbar, A., Webster, D. W., Richardson, J. B., Ayanian, J. Z., Boggan, D., Braga, A. A., et al. (2025) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2025.18076 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Self-citationMeasuring the Impacts of Everyday Police Proactive Activities: Tackling the Endogeneity Problem
Wu, X., Koper, C. S., & Lum, C. M. (2021) · Journal of Quantitative Criminology · doi:10.1007/s10940-021-09496-8 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Carter, T. M., & Wolfe, S. E. (2021) · Journal of criminal justice · doi:10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2021.101867 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
The Network of Online Stolen Data Markets: How Vendor Flows Connect Digital Marketplaces
Ouellet, M., Maimon, D., Howell, J. C., & Wu, Y. (2021) · The British Journal of Criminology · doi:10.1093/bjc/azab116 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Learning to rank spatio-temporal event hotspots
Mohler, G., Porter, M. D., Carter, J. G., & Lafree, G. D. (2020) · Crime Science · doi:10.1186/s40163-020-00112-x · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Examining the Spatial Concentration of Mental Health Calls for Police Service in a Small City
Koziarski, J. (2020) · Policing A Journal of Policy and Practice · doi:10.1093/police/paaa093 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Sadler, R. C., Melde, C., Zeoli, A. M., Wolfe, S. E., & O’Brien, M. (2021) · Applied Spatial Analysis and Policy · doi:10.1007/s12061-021-09391-6 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
de Vries, I., & Farrell, A. S. (2022) · Justice Quarterly · doi:10.1080/07418825.2022.2051587 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“For example, place-based approaches such as problem-oriented or hot spots policing that direct policing resources to a non-random concentration of crime have resulted in significant crime reductions (Braga et al., 2001; Braga et al., 2019).”
BackgroundNeighborhoods of last resort: How landlord strategies concentrate violent crime
Gomory, H., & Desmond, M. (2023) · Criminology · doi:10.1111/1745-9125.12332 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
“…have devoted considerable attention to the geography of urban crime, not only because such analyses attempt to uncover the root causes of crime, but also because doing so has produced effective policy responses that have enhanced public safety (Braga et al., 2019; Ratcliffe et al., 2011).”
Does the Association Between Flows of People and Crime Differ Across Crime Types in Sweden?
Gerell, M. (2021) · European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10610-021-09478-3 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“A key finding in criminology over recent decades is that focusing police resources on such locations, hot spot policing, can lead to a significant reduction in crime (Sherman andWeisburd 1995; Braga et al. 2019).”
BackgroundChallenges and Prospects for Evidence-Informed Policy in Criminology
Blomberg, T. G., Copp, J. E., & Turanovic, J. J. (2023) · Annual Review of Criminology · doi:10.1146/annurev-criminol-022422-124116 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Schnell, C., & McManus, H. D. (2020) · Journal of Quantitative Criminology · doi:10.1007/s10940-020-09483-5 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Policing and collective efficacy: A rapid evidence assessment
Yesberg, J. A., & Bradford, B. (2021) · International Journal of Police Science & Management · doi:10.1177/14613557211026938 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“There is a relative scarcity of policing field experiments that use collective efficacy as an outcome measure, compared with other outcomes, such as crime, perceived disorder, fear of crime, citizen satisfaction and legitimacy of police (Braga et al., 2019; Gill et al., 2014; Hinkle et al., 2020; Mazerolle, 2013).”
BackgroundThe impact of COVID-19 on the spatial distribution of shooting violence in Buffalo, NY
Drake, G., Wheeler, A., Kim, D.-Y., Phillips, S. W., & Mendolera, K. (2021) · Journal of Experimental Criminology · doi:10.1007/s11292-021-09497-4 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“Given that one of the most popular interventions to reduce crime to date is hot spots policing (Braga et al., 2019), such a strategy is conditional on targeting small areas of higher prevalence of crime.”
BackgroundRisk of robbery in a tourist destination: a monthly examination of Atlantic City, New Jersey
Drawve, G. R., Kennedy, L. W., Caplan, J. M., & Sarkos, J. (2020) · Journal of Place Management and Development · doi:10.1108/jpmd-07-2019-0064 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Piza, E. L., Wolff, K. T., Hatten, D. N., & Barthuly, B. (2022) · Health and Place · doi:10.1016/j.healthplace.2022.102959 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Community Engagement in Crime Reduction Strategies: A Tale of Three Cities
Nubani, L., Fierke-Gmazel, H., Madill, H., & Biasi, A. D. (2023) · Journal of Participatory Research Methods · doi:10.35844/001c.57526 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“While most research shows that focusing policing efforts in small geographic places known to be high in crime can lead to a reduction in crime (Braga et al., 2019; Weisburd & Braga, 2019), these hotspot policing efforts are attributed to sophisticated crime analysis technologies available in law enforcement agencies i…”
BackgroundOpen drug scenes and the merging of policing practice and research
Magnusson, M.-M. (2022) · doi:10.24834/isbn.9789178772506 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Weisburd, D. L., Wilson, D. B., Gill, C. E., Kuen, K., & Zastrow, T. (2024) · Journal of law & empirical analysis. · doi:10.1177/2755323x241233469 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“However, based on consistent fi ndings of a crime suppression effect of hot spot policing (see Braga et al., 2019; Braga & Weisburd, 2022 for an updated systematic review of the evidence), we hypothesize that the overall effect of the increased police-initiated activities would be negative; that is,…”
MacDonald, J. M. (2023) · Journal of Experimental Criminology · doi:10.1007/s11292-023-09558-w · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“…randomized controlled trial of deploying extra police to crime “hot spots” in Minneapolis, a growing body of evidence has been assembled from many experiments and quasi-experiments to show that when police are more strategically deployed in space and time serious crime drops (Braga et al., 2019).”
Recalibrating the Police to Focus on Victims Using Police Records
Lay, W., Ariel, B., & Harinam, V. (2022) · Policing A Journal of Policy and Practice · doi:10.1093/police/paac053 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Prevention Strategies for Policing Gun Violence
Braga, A. A., Cook, P. J., & Douglas, S. (2022) · The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science · doi:10.1177/00027162231164481 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Self-citationBoehme, H. M., & Mourtgos, S. M. (2024) · Criminology & Public Policy · doi:10.1111/1745-9133.12673 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Hatten, D. N., & Piza, E. L. (2021) · Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency · doi:10.1177/00224278211016030 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“Complicating the study of displacement, a recent meta-analysis of hot spots policing evaluations found that only 40 percent of all studies included reporting displacement analysis results (Braga et al. 2019).”
ResultThe effects of hot spots policing on violence: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Turchan, B. S., & Braga, A. A. (2024) · Aggression and Violent Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.avb.2024.102011 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Self-citationLand use and green crime: Assessing the edge effect
Folharini, S. D. O., de Melo, S. N., Ramos, R. G., & Brown, J. (2023) · Land Use Policy · doi:10.1016/j.landusepol.2023.106636 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Implementation issues with hot spot policing
Ariel, B. (2023) · International journal of law, crime and justice · doi:10.1016/j.ijlcj.2023.100629 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Carrasco, J. L. (2018) · doi:10.1201/9781351110273-130001209 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Chainey, S., Matias, J. A. S., Nunes, F. C. F., da Silva, T. L. C., de Macêdo, J. A. D., Magalhães, R. P., de Queiroz, J. F., & Silva, W. C. P. (2021) · ISPRS Int. J. Geo Inf. · doi:10.3390/ijgi10080560 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“Hot spots of crime do not tend to change over time [23,47], and, as evidence from hot spot policing interventions suggests that spatial displacement of crime is rare [1], it is unlikely that patrol routes need to frequently be changed.”
BackgroundInfluentialWong, J. S., & Bouchard, J. (2022) · Trauma Violence & Abuse · doi:10.1177/15248380211073839 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
A street segment analysis of crime in a township: evidence from South Africa
Theron, K., Breetzke, G. D., Snyman, L., & Edelstein, I. S. (2022) · Police Practice and Research · doi:10.1080/15614263.2022.2147070 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“Finally, a systematic review and meta-analysis of 65 studies containing 78 tests of hot spots policing interventions by Braga et al. (2019) found robust evidence that hot spots policing reduces crime outcomes and does not appear to result in the spatial displacement of crime into areas immediately…”
BackgroundPolicing Directions: a Systematic Review on the Effectiveness of Police PresencePreprint
Dau, P. M., Vandeviver, C., Dewinter, M., Witlox, F., & Beken, T. V. (2021) · doi:10.21428/cb6ab371.47e2db59 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Tregle, B., Smith, M. R., Fahmy, C., & Tillyer, R. (2025) · Crime Science · doi:10.1186/s40163-025-00247-9 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Berryessa, C. M., & Caplan, J. M. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.02222 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Analyzing Street Crime Hotspots and Their Associated Factors in Chittagong City, Bangladesh
Haider, M. A., & Iamtrakul, P. (2022) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su14159322 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Bucci, R. (2023) · Journal of Quantitative Criminology · doi:10.1007/s10940-023-09570-3 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“The evidence for this strategy’s effectiveness is based on rigorous experimental and quasi-experimental designs, and reviews of the literature have demonstrated the robustness of these findings across different study types and study sites (Braga et al. 2019a, 2019b).”
A systematic review and meta-analysis of the relationship between policing and collective efficacy
Yesberg, J. A., Costi, F., Chan, A., & Bradford, B. (2023) · Journal of Experimental Criminology · doi:10.1007/s11292-023-09580-y · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“…quantity of research conducted on other outcomes, such as crime, perceived disorder, fear of crime, citizen satisfaction, and police legitimacy (Braga et al., 2019; Gill et al., 2014; Hinkle et al., 2020; Mazerolle et al., 2013), only four experiments or quasi-experiments were found that…”
Size isn't everything: Understanding the relationship between police workforce and crime problems
Kim, E., BOWERS, K. J., Birks, D., & Johnson, S. D. (2024) · Journal of Criminal Justice · doi:10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2024.102291 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Publication bias: A “bird's-eye view” of meta-analytic practice in criminology and criminal justice
Kim, B. (2021) · Journal of Criminal Justice · doi:10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2021.101878 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
‘Led by Intelligence': A Scoping Review on the Experimental Evaluation of Intelligence-Led Policing
Khalfa, R., & Hardyns, W. (2024) · Evaluation Review · doi:10.1177/0193841x231204588 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
The Indianapolis harmspot policing experiment
Carter, J. G., Mohler, G., Raje, R., Chowdhury, N., & Pandey, S. (2021) · Journal of Criminal Justice · doi:10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2021.101814 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“In their updated meta-analysis of hot spots policing effectiveness across 65 studies meeting the inclusion criteria, Braga and colleagues [5] concluded there was robust evidence in support of this strategy to reduce crime with minimal spatial displacement and observed diffusion of benefits to contiguous areas.”
BackgroundInfluentialThe Future of the Criminology of Place
Weisburd, D. L., Ariel, B., Braga, A. A., Eck, J. E., Gill, C. E., Groff, E. R., Uding, C. V., & Zaatut, A. (2025) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781009590952 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Self-citationCalibrating Police Activity Across Hot Spot and Non-Hot Spot Areas
Koper, C. S., Wu, X., & Lum, C. M. (2021) · Police Quarterly · doi:10.1177/1098611121995809 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“Studies demonstrate that police presence and activities in targeted hot spots usually do not displace crime to areas very nearby (Bowers et al., 2011; Braga et al., 2019).”
BackgroundInfluentialWeather and Crime—Cautious evidence from South Africa
Ankel-Peters, J., Bruederle, A., & Roberts, G. (2022) · Q Open · doi:10.1093/qopen/qoac033 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Ariel, B., Sutherland, A., Weisburd, D. L., Ilan, Y., & Bland, M. (2023) · Policing A Journal of Policy and Practice · doi:10.1093/police/paad040 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Baranyi, G., Cherrie, M. P. C., Curtis, S. E., Dibben, C. J. L., & Pearce, J. R. (2020) · Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health · doi:10.1136/jech-2020-213837 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“Crime reduction through neighbourhood interventions 35 and spatially targeted policing 36 may be beneficial for population mental health, particularly for young adults.”
Sheppard, K. G., & Welsh, B. C. (2022) · Aggression and Violent Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.avb.2022.101748 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Agent-Based Modeling in Criminology
Birks, D., Groff, E. R., & Malleson, N. (2025) · Annual Review of Criminology · doi:10.1146/annurev-criminol-022222-033905 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Exploring Violent and Property Crime Geographically
Doyle, M. C., Gerell, M., & Andershed, H. (2021) · Nordic Journal of Studies in Policing · doi:10.18261/issn.2703-7045-2021-01-02 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Community perspectives on gun violence and safety: The role of policing in Baltimore City
Crifasi, C., Williams, R., Booty, M., Owens-Young, J., Webster, D. W., & Buggs, S. A. L. (2022) · Journal of criminal justice · doi:10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2022.101964 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Simpson, R., & Bell, N. (2022) · Crime Science · doi:10.1186/s40163-022-00178-9 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“For example, hot spot policing, of which has been the subject of enormous scholarly attention (Braga et al., 2019), most often involves patrol officers spending time patrolling high crime areas referred to as “hot spots.””
BackgroundA pluralistic approach to the definition, classification, and explanation of gangs
Wegerhoff, D., Ward, T. J., & Dixon, L. (2020) · Aggression and Violent Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.avb.2020.101546 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Data-informed crime prevention at convenience stores in Atlantic City
Kennedy, L., Caplan, J. M., & Drawve, G. (2021) · Police Practice & Research · doi:10.1080/15614263.2021.1917399 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“’s (2019) meta-analysis of 65 studies, they found hot spot policing to be a robust approach for significantly reducing crime without immediate spatial displacement (Braga et al., 2019).”
BackgroundLaw Enforcement and Disruption of Offline and Online Activities: A Review of Contemporary Challenges
Faubert, C., Décary-Hêtu, D., Malm, A. E., Ratcliffe, J. H., & Dupont, B. (2021) · Crime and justice in digital society · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-60527-8_19 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Redrawing Hot Spots of Crime in Dallas, Texas
Wheeler, A. P., & Reuter, S. (2020) · Police Quarterly · doi:10.1177/1098611120957948 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“Work that identified that crime clusters at small locations, such as specific addresses (Sherman et al., 1989), or street segments (Weisburd et al., 2004) was likely the innovation that spurred subsequent work on hot spots policing (Braga et al., 2019; Lum et al., 2011).”
BackgroundFinding a Suitable Object for Intervention: On Community-Based Violence Prevention in Sweden
Alstam, K., & Forkby, T. (2022) · Societies · doi:10.3390/soc12030075 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“A substantial part of the crime prevention literature has been concerned with place-based prevention and hot-spots policing, showing generally small or moderate positive effects (e.g., [31–35]).”
BackgroundShader, C. G., Gill, C. E., Zheng, X., & Carleton, B. (2024) · Aggression and Violent Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.avb.2024.101957 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Exploring market-based wildlife trade dynamics in Bangladesh
Uddin, N., Islam, A., Akhter, T., Ara, T., Hossain, D., Fullstone, C., Enoch, S., & Hughes, A. C. (2022) · Oryx · doi:10.1017/s0030605322001077 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
The spatial (in)stability of mental health calls for police service
Koziarski, J. (2022) · Criminology & Public Policy · doi:10.1111/1745-9133.12612 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Gill, C. E., Weisburd, D. L., Nazaire, D., Prince, H., & Shader, C. G. (2024) · Criminology & Public Policy · doi:10.1111/1745-9133.12657 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“However, although many proactive place-based policing efforts are effective at reducing crime (Braga et al., 2019; Weis-burd & Majmundar, 2018; Weisburd & Telep, 2010), they often fail to center the experiences and expertise of those most affected by crime at place—local community members.”
Connealy, N. T. (2022) · Justice Quarterly · doi:10.1080/07418825.2022.2106292 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“The small minority of places where crime concentrates have been termed “hot spots” (Block & Block, 1995) and have been the focal point of research (Braga et al., 2019), crime reduction strategies (Haberman & Stiver, 2019; Piza & O’Hara, 2014), and experimental interventions (Braga & Bond, 2008).”
BackgroundConnealy, N. T., & Hart, T. C. (2023) · Police Practice and Research · doi:10.1080/15614263.2023.2183202 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“Meta-analyses have also found that hot spots policing is effective in reducing crime relative to control locations (Braga et al., 2019), that the positive impact of hot spots policing on crime reduction may be even more salient than prior conservative estimates (Braga & Weisburd, 2020), and that…”
BackgroundSpencer, M. D., & Schnell, C. (2022) · Journal of Criminal Justice · doi:10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2022.102003 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Bolaji, Q., & Metcalfe, C. F. (2024) · Crime & Delinquency · doi:10.1177/00111287231226188 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“…prevention, with some researchers advocating for the reallocation of corrections resources to increasing police prevention techniques and concentrating police efforts in high crime areas (A. Braga et al., 2012; A. A. Braga et al., 2019; Lum & Nagin, 2017; Nagin et al., 2015; X. Wu et al., 2021).”
Tidying up a few misconceptions around evidence-based policing: Reply to Staller and Koerner (2021)
Koziarski, J., & Huey, L. (2021) · International Journal of Comparative and Applied Criminal Justice · doi:10.1080/01924036.2021.1949620 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Taylor, B. G., Liu, W., Maitra, P., Koper, C. S., Sheridan-Johnson, J., & Johnson, W. D. (2022) · Journal of Experimental Criminology · doi:10.1007/s11292-022-09541-x · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“Similar results were seen in Braga’s updated review, which identified 62 eligible hot spot policing intervention evaluations, 35 of them RCTs (Braga et al., 2019).”
InfluentialDau, P. M., Dewinter, M., Witlox, F., Beken, T. V., & Vandeviver, C. (2022) · Cambridge Journal of Evidence-Based Policing · doi:10.1007/s41887-022-00079-6 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“More important, over 80 experiments have found that focused police action can effectively reduce reported crime at targeted locations, usually with little displacement to surrounding areas (see Ariel et al., 2019; Braga et al., 2019a, b; Hutt, 2020).”
BackgroundAriel, B. (2023) · Competitive government · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-42406-9_9 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
- Authors
- Braga, A. A., Turchan, B. S., Papachristos, A. V., & Hureau, D. M.
- Affiliations
- Northeastern University (US)
- Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey (US)
- Northwestern University (US)
- State University of New York (US)
- Corresponding author
- Braga, Anthony A.
- Venue
- Journal of Experimental Criminology
- Published
- 2019-08-29
- Volume
- 15
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 289-311
- ISSN
- 1572-8315 (ISSN-L)
- 1573-3750
- OpenAlex
- W2970239616
- Semantic Scholar
- e99b189ece48588894e9dce1f8dddb1f16b3fc55
- Cited by
- 352
- References
- 119
- Citations by year
- 2026: 50 · 2025: 56 · 2024: 58 · 2023: 53 · 2022: 59 · 2021: 43 · 2020: 30 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 1
- FWCI
- 7.64
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Experimental Criminology (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Crime Patterns and Interventions
- Social Sciences › Political Science and International Relations › Policing Practices and Perceptions
- Social Sciences › Law › Criminal Justice and Penology
- Keywords
- hot spot policing, crime prevention, crime reduction, crime displacement, crime prevention effectiveness
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