Clinical inertia causing new or progression of diabetic retinopathy in type 2 diabetes: A retrospective cohort study: 临床惰性可导致2型糖尿病患者新发视网膜病变或视网膜病变进展:一项回顾性队列研究
Abstract
Background Clinical inertia is a failure to intensify treatment according to evidence-based guidelines, and can have both short- and long-term adverse effects for type 2 diabetes (T2D). The aim of the present study was to demonstrate the effects of clinical inertia on glycemic control and diabetes-related complications. Methods A retrospective cohort study was conducted at a university-based hospital in Thailand. Medical records were evaluated retrospectively from January 2010 to December 2014. Patients were classified into two groups: clinical inertia and non-inertia. Clinical inertia was defined as failure to initiate insulin within 3 months in patients with HbA1c ≥9 % who were already taking two oral antidiabetic agents. Results From 1206 records, 98 patients with mean HbA1c of 10.3 % were identified and enrolled in the study. The median follow-up time of these patients was 29.5 months and 68.4 % were classified into the clinical inertia group. The mean (± SD) HbA1c decrement in the clinical inertia and non-inertia groups was 0.82 ± 1.50 % and 3.02 ± 1.80 %, respectively, at 6 months (P Conclusions Clinical inertia can cause persistently poor glycemic control and speed up the progression of DR in T2D.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Clinical inertia results in poor glycemic control.
“Clinical inertia results in poor glycemic control and speeds up the progression to complications such as diabetic retinopathy and reduced life expectancy [11,29].”
From Clinical Inertia in the Management of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review (2023) · cites this paper as [29]
Clinical inertia speeds up progression to complications such as diabetic retinopathy and reduced life expectancy.
“Clinical inertia results in poor glycemic control and speeds up the progression to complications such as diabetic retinopathy and reduced life expectancy [11,29].”
From Clinical Inertia in the Management of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review (2023) · cites this paper as [29]
Cites
A New Equation to Estimate Glomerular Filtration Rate
Levey, A. S., Stevens, L. A., Schmid, C. H., Zhang, Y. (., Castro, A. F., Feldman, H. I., Kusek, J. W., Eggers, P., Van Lente, F., Greene, T., et al. (2009) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-150-9-200905050-00006 · Cited by 25,603 · see citing works
Wilkinson, C. P., Ferris, F. L., Klein, R., Lee, P. P., Agardh, C., Davis, M., Dills, D. G., Kampik, A., Pararajasegaram, R., & Verdaguer, J. (2003) · Ophthalmology · doi:10.1016/s0161-6420(03)00475-5 · Cited by 3,786 · see citing works
Hyperglycemic crises in adult patients with diabetes
Kitabchi, A. E., Umpierrez, G. E., Miles, J. M., & Fisher, J. N. (2009) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc09-9032 · Cited by 2,062 · see citing works
Effects of medical therapies on retinopathy progression in type 2 diabetes
The ACCORD Study Group and ACCORD Eye Study Group (2010) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa1001288 · Cited by 1,311 · see citing works
Clinical Inertia in People With Type 2 Diabetes
Khunti, K. K., Wolden, M. L., Thorsted, B. L., Andersen, M., & Davies, M. J. (2013) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc13-0331 · Cited by 615 · see citing works
Wolff, L. F., Smith, Q. T., Snyder, W. K., Bedrick, J. A., Liljemark, W. F., Aeppli, D. M., & Bandt, C. L. (1988) · Journal Of Clinical Periodontology · doi:10.1111/j.1600-051x.1988.tb01003.x · Cited by 577 · see citing works
Palmer, A. J., Roze, S., Valentine, W. J., Minshall, M. E., FOOS, V., Lurati, F. M., Lammert, M., & Spinas, G. A. (2004) · Current Medical Research and Opinion · doi:10.1185/030079904x1980 · Cited by 523 · see citing works
Clinical Inertia in Response to Inadequate Glycemic Control
Shah, B. R., Hux, J. E., Laupacis, A., Zinman, B., & van Walraven, C. (2005) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.28.3.600 · Cited by 387 · see citing works
Paul, S. K., Klein, K., Thorsted, B. L., Wolden, M. L., & Khunti, K. K. (2015) · Cardiovascular Diabetology · doi:10.1186/s12933-015-0260-x · Cited by 303 · see citing works
7. Approaches to Glycemic Treatment
American Diabetes Association (2015) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc16-s010 · Cited by 225 · see citing works
Clinical Inertia Contributes to Poor Diabetes Control in a Primary Care Setting
Ziemer, D. C., Miller, C. D., Rhee, M. K., Doyle, J. P., Watkins, C., Cook, C. B., Gallina, D. L., El-Kebbi, I. M., Barnes, C. S., Dunbar, V. G., et al. (2005) · The Diabetes Educator · doi:10.1177/0145721705279050 · Cited by 208 · see citing works
Calvert, M., McManus, R. J., & Freemantle, N. (2007) · PubMed · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Clinical inertia in management of T2DM
Zafar, A., Davies, M. J., Azhar, A., & Khunti, K. K. (2010) · Primary care diabetes · doi:10.1016/j.pcd.2010.07.003 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Goodall, G., Sarpong, E., Hayes, C., & Valentine, W. J. (2009) · BMC Endocrine Disorders · doi:10.1186/1472-6823-9-19 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Family Physician Clinical Inertia in Glycemic Control among Patients with Type 2 Diabetes
Kranjčević, K. (2015) · Medical Science Monitor · doi:10.12659/msm.892248 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Outcomes and Treatment Patterns of Adding a Third Agent to 2 OADs in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes
LEVIN, P. A., Wei, W., Zhou, S., Xie, L., & Başer, O. (2014) · Journal of Managed Care Pharmacy · doi:10.18553/jmcp.2014.20.5.501 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Laiteerapong, N., Ham, S. A., Gao, Y., Moffet, H. H., Liu, J. Y., Huang, E. S., & Karter, A. J. (2019) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc17-1144 · Cited by 574 · see citing works
Khunti, K. K., Gomes, M. B., Pocock, S., Shestakova, M. V., Pintat, S., Fenici, P., Hammar, N., & Medina, J. (2017) · Diabetes Obesity and Metabolism · doi:10.1111/dom.13088 · Cited by 376 · see citing works
Clinical inertia and its impact on treatment intensification in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus
Reach, G., Pechtner, V., Gentilella, R., Corcos, A., & Ceriello, A. (2017) · Diabetes & Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.diabet.2017.06.003 · Cited by 254 · see citing works
Khunti, S., Khunti, K., & Seidu, S. (2019) · Therapeutic Advances in Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1177/2042018819844694 · Cited by 182 · see citing works
Andreozzi, F., Candido, R., Corrao, S., Fornengo, R., Giancaterini, A., Ponzani, P., Ponziani, M. C., Tuccinardi, F., & Mannino, D. (2020) · Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome · doi:10.1186/s13098-020-00559-7 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Gabbay, R. A., Kendall, D., Beebe, C., Cuddeback, J. K., Hobbs, T. M., Khan, N. D., Leal, S., Miller, E. M., Novak, L. M., Rajpathak, S. N., et al. (2020) · Clinical Diabetes · doi:10.2337/cd20-0053 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Overview of Therapeutic Inertia in Diabetes: Prevalence, Causes, and Consequences
Karam, S., Dendy, J. A., Polu, S., & Blonde, L. (2020) · Diabetes Spectrum · doi:10.2337/ds19-0029 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Clinical Inertia in the Management of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review
Almigbal, T. H., Alzarah, S. A., Aljanoubi, F. A., Alhafez, N. A., Aldawsari, M. R., Alghadeer, Z. Y., & Alrasheed, A. A. (2023) · Medicina · doi:10.3390/medicina59010182 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
“In Croatia (10,275 patients), Colombia (363 patients), Taiwan (168,876 patients), Thailand (98 patients), Brazil (323 patients), Malaysia (7646 patients), and Canada (379 patients), only one study was conducted.”
BackgroundInfluentialTherapeutic Inertia in the Management of Type 2 Diabetes: A Narrative Review
Rodriguez, P., Martin, V. T. S., & Pantalone, K. M. (2024) · Diabetes Therapy · doi:10.1007/s13300-024-01530-9 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Incremental Versus Standard (Full-Dose) Peritoneal Dialysis
Cheetham, M. S., Cho, Y., Krishnasamy, R., Jain, A. K., Boudville, N. C., Johnson, D. W., & Huang, L. (2021) · Kidney International Reports · doi:10.1016/j.ekir.2021.11.019 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Therapeutic Inertia and Delays in Insulin Intensification in Type 2 Diabetes: A Literature Review
Gavin, J. R., Abaniel, R. M., & Virdi, N. S. (2023) · Diabetes Spectrum · doi:10.2337/ds22-0084 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Wysham, C., Campos, C., & Kruger, D. F. (2018) · Clinical Diabetes · doi:10.2337/cd17-0064 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Cost-Effectiveness of Point-of-Care A1C Tests in a Primary Care Setting
Rosa, L. D. S., Mistro, S., Oliveira, M. G., Kochergin, C. N., Cortes, M. L., de Medeiros, D. S., Soares, D. A., Louzado, J. A., Silva, K. O., Bezerra, V. M., et al. (2021) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2020.588309 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Therapeutic Inertia: Still a Long Way to Go That Cannot Be Postponed
Mata‐Cases, M., Franch‐Nadal, J., Gratacòs, M., & Mauricio, D. (2020) · Diabetes Spectrum · doi:10.2337/ds19-0018 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Assessing the Effect of Clinical Inertia on Diabetes Outcomes: a Modeling Approach
Correa, M. F., Li, Y., Kum, H., & Lawley, M. (2018) · Journal of General Internal Medicine · doi:10.1007/s11606-018-4773-3 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Li, Y., Wang, Y., Hu, X., Chen, J., Li, Y., Zhong, Q., Cheng, H., Mohammed, B. H., Liang, X., Hernández, J., et al. (2021) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare9050580 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Kaewbut, P., Kosachunhanun, N., Phrommintikul, A., Chinwong, D., Hall, J. J., & Chinwong, S. (2021) · Medicina · doi:10.3390/medicina58010063 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Isajev, N., Bjegovic-Mikanovic, V. M., Bukumirić, Z., Vrhovac, D., & Lalic, N. M. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19084436 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Leiter, L. A., CHENG, A. Y. Y., Ékoé, J.-M., Goldenberg, R., Harris, S. B., HRAMIAK, I. M., Khunti, K. K., Lin, P., Richard, J.-F., Senior, P. A., et al. (2018) · Canadian Journal of Diabetes · doi:10.1016/j.jcjd.2018.10.005 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Time to Treatment Intensification to Reduce Diabetes-Related Complications: A Post Hoc Study
Kaewbut, P., Kosachunhanun, N., Phrommintikul, A., Chinwong, D., Hall, J. J., & Chinwong, S. (2022) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare10091673 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Yaguchi, Y., Fujihara, K., Yamada, M. H., Matsubayashi, Y., Yamada, T., Iwanaga, M., Kitazawa, M., Yamamoto, M., Seida, H., Kodama, S., et al. (2021) · The American Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2021.10.018 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Lake, A. J., Rees, G., & Speight, J. (2018) · Current Diabetes Reports · doi:10.1007/s11892-018-1007-3 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Valencia, W. M., Florez, H. J., & Palacio, A. M. (2019) · Drugs & Aging · doi:10.1007/s40266-019-00706-4 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Clinical Inertia in Type 2 Diabetes Patients in Primary Health Care Clinics in Central Bosnia
Marjanović, M., Vrdoljak, D., Lang, V. B., Polašek, O., Đido, V., Fišić, M. K., Šimić, I. M., Dodig, D., & Perić, M. R. (2018) · Medical Science Monitor · doi:10.12659/msm.911286 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
McDaniel, C. C., Lo‐Ciganic, W., & Chou, C. (2024) · Primary care diabetes · doi:10.1016/j.pcd.2023.12.004 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Molteni, L., Marelli, G., Castagna, G., Brambilla, L., Acerbis, M., Alberghina, F., Carpani, A., Chiavenna, E., Ferlini, M. G., Impellizzeri, C., et al. (2024) · Endocrine Metabolic & Immune Disorders - Drug Targets · doi:10.2174/0118715303294909240221102552 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Klinische Stadieneinteilung der diabetischen Retinopathie
Ziemssen, F., Marahrens, L., Roeck, D., & Agostini, H. T. (2018) · Der Diabetologe · doi:10.1007/s11428-018-0417-9 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Kaewbut, P., Kosachunhanun, N., Phrommintikul, A., Chinwong, D., Hall, J., & Chinwong, S. (2020) · Archives of Medical Science · doi:10.5114/aoms.2020.98196 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Đekić, D., Bojić, M., Janež, A., Majanović, S. K., Hadžimušović, I. G., Ković, T., & Mihalevska, S. (2023) · Diabetes Therapy · doi:10.1007/s13300-023-01407-3 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
DAILEY, G. E., DEX, T. A., Roberts, M., Liu, M., & Meneilly, G. S. (2019) · Journal of Diabetes · doi:10.1111/1753-0407.12952 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Kallenbach, L., Shui, A. M., Cheng, W. Y., Fan, T., Hu, W., Zichlin, M. L., Duh, M. S., Ye, F., & LEVIN, P. A. (2018) · Endocrine Practice · doi:10.4158/ep-2017-0261 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Raghavan, S., Warsavage, T. J., Liu, W. G., Raffle, K., Josey, K., Saxon, D. R., Phillips, L. S., Caplan, L., & Reusch, J. E. B. (2022) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc21-2492 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Therapeutic Inertia Quantification in Diabetes Care: A Narrative Review and Synthesis
Zoukh, I. M., Dabbous, Z., Owusu, Y., & Awaisu, A. (2025) · Clinical Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/j.clinthera.2025.02.003 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
López-Huamanrayme, E., Salsavilca, E., Garate, D., & Taype-Rondán, Á. (2024) · ACTA MEDICA PERUANA · doi:10.35663/amp.2024.412.2962 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Overcoming therapeutic inertia: ADA perspective
Khunti, K. K. (2022) · The Journal of AMD · doi:10.36171/jamd22.25.1.5 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Harris, S. B., & Seidu, S. (2023) · Primary care diabetes · doi:10.1016/j.pcd.2023.10.008 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Clinical Inertia: The Role of Physicians in Diabetes Outcomes
Rodríguez‐Saldaña, J. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-11815-0_23
Efficacy and Safety of Iglarlixi in Hispanics and Non-Hispanic Whites with Type 2 Diabetes
Mora, P. F., Chao, J., Saremi, A., DEX, T. A., Roberts, M., & Umpierrez, G. E. (2019) · Endocrine Practice · doi:10.4158/ep-2018-0615
Williams, N. A., Brunton, S., & Scott, G. A. (2021) · Clinical Diabetes · doi:10.2337/cd21-0066
Familiar, M. I. D. M. G. E., Rosa, S., Reis, J., Familiar, M. I. D. M. G. E., Ferreira, S., Familiar, M. I. D. M. G. E., Alves, R., Familiar, M. I. D. M. G. E., Silva, R., Familiar, M. I. D. M. G. E., et al. (2022) · Revista Portuguesa de Clínica Geral · doi:10.32385/rpmgf.v38i1.13061
Clinical Inertia and Diabetes Outcomes
Rodríguez‐Saldaña, J. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-25519-9_26
Glycemic control and cardiovascular complications of type 2 diabetes mellitus
Друк, И. В., & Safronova, S. S. (2023) · Meditsinskiy sovet = Medical Council · doi:10.21518/ms2023-222 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Duffy, R., Jeffreys, A. S., Coffman, C. J., Alexopoulos, A., Tarkington, P. E., Bosworth, H. B., Edelman, D. E., & Crowley, M. J. (2024) · Telemedicine Journal and e-Health · doi:10.1089/tmj.2023.0453
Zhang, Q., Fan, Y., Liu, X., Zhang, M., Zhang, J., Du, Q., Kang, L., & Chen, L. (2025) · Journal of Diabetes Investigation · doi:10.1111/jdi.14415
Ha, K. H., Kim, W., Kim, D., & Kim, D. J. (2025) · Journal of Diabetes and its Complications · doi:10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2025.108983
Zoukh, I. M., Abbara, D. M., Allouch, S., Owusu, Y., & Awaisu, A. (2026) · Primary care diabetes · doi:10.1016/j.pcd.2026.04.001
Kikuchi, Y., Hara, A., Ando, T., & Urushihara, H. (2026) · Journal of Diabetes and its Complications · doi:10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2026.109347
Therapeutic Inertia in Chronic Disease Management
Zoukh, I. M., Awaisu, A., Owusu, Y., Hadi, M. A., & Dabbous, Z. (2026) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-26472-6.00061-9
- Authors
- Osataphan, S., Chalermchai, T., & Ngaosuwan, K.
- Affiliations
- Srinakharinwirot University (TH)
- Mae Fah Luang University (TH)
- Corresponding author
- Ngaosuwan, Kanchana
- Venue
- Journal of Diabetes
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2016-07-12
- Volume
- 9
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 267-274
- ISSN
- 1753-0393 (ISSN-L)
- 1753-0407
- OpenAlex
- W2376943461
- Cited by
- 49
- References
- 17
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 2
- FWCI
- 5.03
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Diabetes (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Missouri Soybean Merchandising Council
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Treatment and Management
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Ophthalmology › Retinal Diseases and Treatments
- Keywords
- clinical inertia, diabetic retinopathy, type 2 diabetes, glycemic control, HbA1c, insulin initiation, oral antidiabetic drugs, retinopathy progression, general practitioners, diabetes complications
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Diabetic Retinopathy, Female, Glycated Hemoglobin, Hospitals, University, Humans, Hypoglycemic Agents, Insulin, Male, Middle Aged, Retrospective Studies, Risk Factors, Thailand, Time Factors, Logistic Models, Disease Progression
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review