Cited by 319Animal Vocal Communication and BehaviorNoise Effects and ManagementWildlife Ecology and Conservation

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Guidelines for the use of acoustic indices in environmental research

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Bradfer‐Lawrence, Tom, Gardner, Nick, Bunnefeld, Lynsey, Bunnefeld, Nils, Willis, Stephen G., Dent, Daisy H.·2019·Methods in Ecology and Evolution

DOI 10.1111/2041-210x.13254

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Abstract

Ecoacoustics, the study of environmental sound, is a growing field with great potential for biodiversity monitoring. Audio recordings could provide a rapid, cost‐effective monitoring tool offering novel insights into ecosystem dynamics. More than 60 acoustic indices have been developed to date, which reflect distinct attributes of the soundscape, (i.e. the total acoustic energy at a given location, including noise produced by animals, machinery, wind and rain). However, reported patterns in acoustic indices have been contradictory, possibly because there is no accepted best practice for the collection and analysis of audio recordings. Here, we propose: (a) guidelines for designing studies using audio recordings for the rapid assessment of multiple sites; and (b) a workflow for comparing recordings with seven of the most commonly used indices, permitting discrimination among habitat‐specific soundscapes. We collected and analysed over 26,000 hr of recordings from 117 sites across a range of habitats in a human‐modified tropical landscape in central Panama; an order of magnitude more recordings than used in previously published studies. We demonstrate that: (a) Standard error variance of indices stabilizes within 120 hr of recordings from a single location. (b) Continuous recording should be used rather than subsample recording on a schedule; sub sampling is a common practice but delays capture of site variability and maximizing total duration of recording should be prioritized. (c) Use of multiple indices to describe soundscape patterns reveals distinct diel and seasonal soundscape patterns among habitats. We advocate collecting at least 120 hr of continuous recordings per site, and using a range of acoustic indices to categorize the soundscape, including the Acoustic Complexity Index, Acoustic Evenness Index, Acoustic Entropy Index and the Normalized Difference Soundscape Index. Differences among habitat types can be captured if multiple indices are used, and magnitude of variance is often more important than mean values. The workflow we provide will enable successful use of ecoacoustic techniques for environmental monitoring.

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Bradfer-Lawrence T. Gardner N. Bunnefeld L. Bunnefeld N. Willis S. G. &Dent D. H.(2019).Dataset for "Guidelines for the use of acoustic indices for environmental research". Available from DataSTORRE http://hdl.handle.net/11667/132

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Authors: Bradfer‐Lawrence, T., Gardner, N., Bunnefeld, L., Bunnefeld, N., Willis, S. G., & Dent, D. H.
Affiliations: University of Stirling (GB)
Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute (PA)
Durham University (GB)
Corresponding author: Bradfer‐Lawrence, Tom
ORCID: Bradfer‐Lawrence, Tom
Gardner, Nick
Bunnefeld, Lynsey
Bunnefeld, Nils
Willis, Stephen G.
Dent, Daisy H.
Venue: Methods in Ecology and Evolution
Publisher: Wiley
Published: 2019-07-29
Volume: 10
Issue: 10
Pages: 1796-1807
ISSN: 2041-210X (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1111/2041-210x.13254
OpenAlex: W2955571688
Cited by: 319
References: 56
Citations by year: 2026: 37 · 2025: 60 · 2024: 68 · 2023: 51 · 2022: 38 · 2021: 35 · 2020: 25 · 2019: 5
FWCI: 23.92
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
hdl.handle.net
Licence: cc-by
onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor)
Locations: Methods in Ecology and Evolution (publishedVersion)
DataSTORRE - Stirling Online Repository for Research Data (University of Stirling) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
Stirling Online Research Repository (University of Stirling) (submittedVersion, public-domain)
Durham Research Online (Durham University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
Funders: Natural Environment Research Council
Topics: Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics › Animal Vocal Communication and Behavior
Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Acoustics and Ultrasonics › Noise Effects and Management
Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Wildlife Ecology and Conservation
Keywords: ecoacoustics, acoustic indices, soundscape, biodiversity monitoring, habitat discrimination, acoustic complexity index, recording duration, Panama

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Guidelines for the use of acoustic indices in environmental research

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