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Anxiety and depression in the Republic of Ireland during the COVID‐19 pandemic
Open accessAbstract
Background: The COVID‐19 pandemic in Ireland resulted in a nationwide quarantine on March 27, 2020. This study represents the first assessment of rates of anxiety and depression in the general population of Ireland during the pandemic. Aims: Our first aim was to estimate the probable prevalence rates of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) and depression and to identify sociodemographic risk factors associated with screening positive for GAD or depression. Our second aim was to determine if COVID‐19 related anxiety was highest amongst those in society at greatest risk of morality from COVID‐19. Method: Self‐report data were collected from a nationally representative Irish sample ( N = 1041) online between March 31 and April 5; the first week of the nationwide quarantine measures. Recognized cut‐off scores on the GAD‐7 and PHQ‐9 were used to estimate rates of GAD and depression. Correlates of screening positive for GAD or depression were assessed using logistic regression analysis. Results: GAD (20.0%), depression (22.8%) and GAD or depression (27.7%) was common. Screening positive for GAD or depression was associated with younger age, female sex, loss of income due to COVID‐19, COVID‐19 infection and higher perceived risk of COVID‐19 infection. Citizens aged 65 and older had significantly higher levels of COVID‐19 related anxiety than adults aged 18–34. Conclusions: Initial results from this multi‐wave study monitoring changes in population anxiety and depression throughout the pandemic indicate that GAD and depression were common experiences in the population during the initial phase of the COVID‐19 pandemic.
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“The presence of an acquaintance infected with COVID-19 in the immediate environment is one of the predictive factors of depression (Ghazawy et al. 2020, Hyland et al. 2020, Xiong et al. 2020).”
From DETERMINING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN HEALTH TECHNICIAN STUDENTS' ATTITUDES TO THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC AND INTOLERANCE OF UNCERTAINTY WITH DEPRESSION, ANXIETY, AND STRESS LEVELS (2023) · cites this paper as Hyland et al. 2020
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
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“In the literature, the 18-24 age group has been shown to have higher levels of depression, anxiety, and stress during the pandemic period, and there is a relationship between the quarantine period and depression, anxiety, and stress levels (Ghaza -wy et al. 2020, Hyland et al. 2020, Shah et al. 2021).”
From DETERMINING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN HEALTH TECHNICIAN STUDENTS' ATTITUDES TO THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC AND INTOLERANCE OF UNCERTAINTY WITH DEPRESSION, ANXIETY, AND STRESS LEVELS (2023) · cites this paper as Hyland et al. 2020
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“Similar findings have been reported in studies from Ireland [5], the UK [21], and Denmark [22].”
From Worry and mental health in the Covid-19 pandemic: vulnerability factors in the general Norwegian population (2021) · cites this paper as [5]
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Cites
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“Results from a longitudinal survey conducted across 190 Chinese cities, for example, found that a high level of confidence in doctors, perceived likelihood of survival and low risk of contracting COVID-19, satisfaction with health information, and personal precautionary measures all protected against increased stress,…”
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Sorted by citations
Shevlin, M., McBride, O., Murphy, J., Miller, J. G., Hartman, T. K., Levita, L., Mason, L., Martinez, A. P., McKay, R., Stocks, T. V. A., et al. (2020) · BJPsych Open · doi:10.1192/bjo.2020.109 · Cited by 770
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Prevalence of anxiety in the COVID-19 pandemic: An updated meta-analysis of community-based studies
Santabárbara, J., Lasheras, I., Lipnicki, D. M., Bueno‐Notivol, J., Pérez-Moreno, M. A., López‐Antón, R., de la Cámara, C., Lobo, A., & Gracia‐García, P. (2020) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2020.110207 · Cited by 461
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Metadata
- Authors
- Hyland, P., Shevlin, M., McBride, O., Murphy, J., Karatzias, T., Bentall, R. P., Martinez, A., & Vallières, F.
- Affiliations
- National University of Ireland, Maynooth (IE)
- University of Ulster (GB)
- Edinburgh Napier University (GB)
- University of Sheffield (GB)
- Trinity College Dublin (IE)
- Corresponding author
- Hyland, P.
- Venue
- Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2020-08-09
- Volume
- 142
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 249-256
- ISSN
- 0001-690X (ISSN-L)
- 1600-0447
- OpenAlex
- W3044224654
- Cited by
- 582
- References
- 20
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 19 · 2024: 60 · 2023: 105 · 2022: 184 · 2021: 188 · 2020: 20
- FWCI
- 49.45
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Ulster University Research Portal (Ulster University) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- Maynooth University ePrints and eTheses Archive (Maynooth University) (acceptedVersion)
- Edinburgh Napier Research Repository (Edinburgh Napier University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Edinburgh Napier Research Repository (Edinburgh Napier University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- OSF Preprints (OSF Preprints) (submittedVersion)
- PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Economic and Social Research Council (ES/V004379/1)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › COVID-19 and Mental Health
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum
- Keywords
- COVID-19 pandemic, anxiety, depression, generalized anxiety disorder, prevalence, sociodemographic risk factors, quarantine, perceived infection risk, income loss, older adults, Ireland
- MeSH terms
- COVID-19, Adult, Aged, Anxiety, Depression, Female, Humans, Ireland, Male, Mental Health, Middle Aged, Quarantine, Risk Factors, Stress, Psychological, Comorbidity, Prevalence
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