Mental health of prisoners: prevalence, adverse outcomes, and interventions
Open accessAbstract
More than 10 million people are imprisoned worldwide, and the prevalence of all investigated mental disorders is higher in prisoners than in the general population. Although the extent to which prison increases the incidence of mental disorders is uncertain, considerable evidence suggests low rates of identification and treatment of psychiatric disorders. Prisoners are also at increased risk of all-cause mortality, suicide, self-harm, violence, and victimisation, and research has outlined some modifiable risk factors. Few high quality treatment trials have been done on psychiatric disorders in prisoners. Despite this lack of evidence, trial data have shown that opiate substitution treatments reduce substance misuse relapse and possibly reoffending. The mental health needs of women and older adults in prison are distinct, and national policies should be developed to meet these. In this Review, we present clinical, research, and policy recommendations to improve mental health care in prisons. National attempts to meet these recommendations should be annually surveyed.
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The difference in antisocial personality disorder findings might reflect the high prevalence of antisocial personality disorder in prisoners, for which diagnostic criteria overlap with the reasons for entering prison.
“This difference might reflect the high prevalence of antisocial personality disorder in prisoners, for which diagnostic criteria overlap with the reasons for entering prison.3”
From Risk factors for self-harm in prison: a systematic review and meta-analysis (2020) · cites this paper as [3]
Many of the identified risk factors, including suicidal ideation and psychiatric disorders, are unlikely to be predictive because they are common in the mainstream prisoner population.
“Many of the identified risk factors, including suicidal ideation and psychiatric disorders,3, 4 are unlikely to be predictive because they are common in the mainstream prisoner population.”
From Risk factors for self-harm in prison: a systematic review and meta-analysis (2020) · cites this paper as [3]
The systematic review and meta-analysis underscores the evidence for modifiable psychiatric risk factors for self-harm in prisoners.
“Our systematic review and meta-analysis clearly underscores the evidence for modifiable psychiatric risk factors for self-harm in prisoners, which is consistent with calls for greater health-care involvement in the management and prevention of self-harm in prisons.3, 8”
From Risk factors for self-harm in prison: a systematic review and meta-analysis (2020) · cites this paper as [3]
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- Authors
- Fazel, S., Hayes, A. J., Bartellas, K., Clerici, M., & Trestman, R.
- Affiliations
- Warneford Hospital (GB)
- University of Milano-Bicocca (IT)
- UConn Health (US)
- Corresponding author
- Fazel, Seena
- Venue
- The Lancet Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2016-09
- Volume
- 3
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 871-881
- ISSN
- 2215-0366 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5008459
- OpenAlex
- W2469464216
- Cited by
- 992
- References
- 79
- Citations by year
- 2026: 93 · 2025: 114 · 2024: 131 · 2023: 128 · 2022: 122 · 2021: 109 · 2020: 119 · 2019: 90 · 2018: 58 · 2017: 21 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 1
- FWCI
- 21.76
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- The Lancet Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- BOA (University of Milano-Bicocca) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Wellcome Trust (095806)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Criminal Justice and Corrections Analysis
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychopathy, Forensic Psychiatry, Sexual Offending
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Keywords
- prison mental health, psychiatric disorders in prison, prevalence of mental disorders, prison suicide, self-harm, prison violence, victimization, risk factors, prison mental health services, opioid substitution therapy, recidivism, women prisoners, older prisoners, mental health policy
- MeSH terms
- Mental Disorders, Humans, Prisoners, Prevalence, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Treatment Outcome
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