Polygenic risk scores for schizophrenia and bipolar disorder associate with addiction
Open accessAbstract
We use polygenic risk scores (PRSs) for schizophrenia (SCZ) and bipolar disorder (BPD) to predict smoking, and addiction to nicotine, alcohol or drugs in individuals not diagnosed with psychotic disorders. Using PRSs for 144 609 subjects, including 10 036 individuals admitted for in‐patient addiction treatment and 35 754 smokers, we find that diagnoses of various substance use disorders and smoking associate strongly with PRSs for SCZ (P = 5.3 × 10−50–1.4 × 10−6) and BPD (P = 1.7 × 10−9–1.9 × 10−3), showing shared genetic etiology between psychosis and addiction. Using standardized scores for SCZ and BPD scaled to a unit increase doubling the risk of the corresponding disorder, the odds ratios for alcohol and substance use disorders range from 1.19 to 1.31 for the SCZ‐PRS, and from 1.07 to 1.29 for the BPD‐PRS. Furthermore, we show that as regular smoking becomes more stigmatized and less prevalent, these biological risk factors gain importance as determinants of the behavior.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The association between psychiatric disorders and SUDs likely reflects bidirectional links, such that having a mental disorder increases risk of maladaptive drug use to self-medicate, and having a SUD increases risk for developing a mental disorder, as drugs affect neurocircuits relevant to other mental disorders.
“These associations are likely to reflect bidirectional links, such that hav ing a mental disorder increases risk of maladaptive use of drugs to self- medicate, and having a SUD increases risk for developing a mental disorder, as drugs affect neurocircuits relevant to other mental disorders.”
From Substance use disorders: a comprehensive update of classification, epidemiology, neurobiology, clinical aspects, treatment and prevention (2023) · cites this paper as [123]
Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 2 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe presence of a psychiatric disorder, including mood, anxiety, psychotic and personality disorders, and ADHD, is associated with an increased risk for SUDs.
“The presence of a psychiatric disorder - including mood, anxi ety, psychotic and personality disorders, and ADHD - is associ ated with an increased risk for SUDs.”
From Substance use disorders: a comprehensive update of classification, epidemiology, neurobiology, clinical aspects, treatment and prevention (2023) · cites this paper as [123]
The Introduction (page not provided) reports that substance use disorders frequently co-occur with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, supporting the claim for those conditions. It does not address anxiety disorders, personality disorders, or ADHD, and it cautions that the direction of the relationship is unclear. The Results concern genetic risk scores rather than the presence of a psychiatric diagnosis. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredCommon genetic and environmental risk factors for both SUDs and mental disorders contribute to their high degree of comorbidity.
“Common genetic and environmental risk fac tors for both SUDs and mental disorders also contribute to their high degree of comorbidity 121- 123 .”
From Substance use disorders: a comprehensive update of classification, epidemiology, neurobiology, clinical aspects, treatment and prevention (2023) · cites this paper as [123]
The Discussion (page unavailable) supports shared genetic contributions to comorbidity between addiction and schizophrenia or bipolar disorder. It does not establish that shared environmental risk factors contribute to that comorbidity, and its findings concern those specific disorders rather than mental disorders generally. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredSUDs are associated with an increased risk for a mental disorder.
“On the other hand, SUDs are also associated with increased risk for a mental disorder.”
From Substance use disorders: a comprehensive update of classification, epidemiology, neurobiology, clinical aspects, treatment and prevention (2023) · cites this paper as [123]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
The Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence: a revision of the Fagerstrom Tolerance Questionnaire
HEATHERTON, T. F., KOZLOWSKI, L. T., FRECKER, R. C., & FAGERSTROM, K. (1991) · British Journal of Addiction · doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1991.tb01879.x · Cited by 10,738 · see citing works
Finding the missing heritability of complex diseases
Manolio, T. A., Collins, F. S., Cox, N. J., Goldstein, D. B., Hindorff, L. A., Hunter, D. J., McCarthy, M. I., Ramos, E. M., Cardon, L. R., Chakravarti, A., et al. (2009) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature08494 · Cited by 8,336 · see citing works
Biological insights from 108 schizophrenia-associated genetic loci
Schizophrenia Working Group of the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium (2014) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature13595 · Cited by 7,577 · see citing works
Spitzer, R. L. (1978) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1978.01770300115013 · Cited by 6,946 · see citing works
LD Score regression distinguishes confounding from polygenicity in genome-wide association studies
Schizophrenia Working Group of the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium, Bulik-Sullivan, B. K., Loh, P.-R., Finucane, H. K., Ripke, S., Yang, J., Patterson, N., Daly, M. J., Price, A. L., & Neale, B. M. (2015) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng.3211 · Cited by 5,559 · see citing works
An atlas of genetic correlations across human diseases and traits
ReproGen Consortium, Bulik-Sullivan, B., Psychiatric Genomics Consortium, Genetic Consortium for Anorexia Nervosa of the Wellcome Trust Case Control Consortium 3, Finucane, H. K., Anttila, V., Gusev, A., Day, F. R., Loh, P.-R., Duncan, L., et al. (2015) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng.3406 · Cited by 4,255 · see citing works
The self-medication hypothesis of addictive disorders: focus on heroin and cocaine dependence
(1985) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.142.11.1259 · Cited by 2,538 · see citing works
Schizophrenia: A Concise Overview of Incidence, Prevalence, and Mortality
McGrath, J., Saha, S., Chant, D., & Welham, J. (2008) · Epidemiologic Reviews · doi:10.1093/epirev/mxn001 · Cited by 2,280 · see citing works
Kendler, K. S., Prescott, C. A., Myers, J., & Neale, M. C. (2003) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.60.9.929 · Cited by 1,868 · see citing works
A variant associated with nicotine dependence, lung cancer and peripheral arterial disease
Thorgeirsson, T. E., Geller, F., Sulem, P., Rafnar, T., Wiste, A., Magnusson, K. P., Manolescu, A., Thorleifsson, G., Stefansson, H., Ingason, A., et al. (2008) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature06846 · Cited by 1,523 · see citing works
Self-citationPsychiatric GWAS Consortium Bipolar Disorder Working Group, Sklar, P., Ripke, S., Scott, L. J., Andreassen, O. A., Cichon, S., Craddock, N., Edenberg, H. J., Nurnberger, J. I., Rietschel, M., et al. (2011) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng.943 · Cited by 1,344 · see citing works
The genetics of addictions: uncovering the genes
Goldman, D., Oroszi, G., & Ducci, F. (2005) · Nature Reviews Genetics · doi:10.1038/nrg1635 · Cited by 1,099 · see citing works
Becker, J. B., & Hu, M. (2008) · Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.yfrne.2007.07.003 · Cited by 1,003 · see citing works
Meta-analysis of the Association Between the Level of Cannabis Use and Risk of Psychosis
Marconi, A., Di Forti, M., Lewis, C. M., Murray, R. M., & Vassos, E. (2016) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbw003 · Cited by 899 · see citing works
Large-scale whole-genome sequencing of the Icelandic population
Gudbjartsson, D. F., Helgason, H., Gudjonsson, S. A., Zink, F., Oddson, A., Gylfason, A., Besenbacher, S., Magnusson, G., Halldorsson, B. V., Hjartarson, E., et al. (2015) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng.3247 · Cited by 791 · see citing works
Self-citationOsborn, D. P. J., Levy, G., Nazareth, I., Petersen, I., Islam, A., & King, M. B. (2007) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.64.2.242 · Cited by 608 · see citing works
Polygenic risk scores for schizophrenia and bipolar disorder predict creativity
Power, R. A., Steinberg, S., Björnsdóttir, G., Rietveld, C. A., Abdellaoui, A., Nivard, M. G., Johannesson, M., Galesloot, T. E., Hottenga, J., Willemsen, G. A. H. M., et al. (2015) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn.4040 · Cited by 486 · see citing works
Self-citationComorbidity of Severe Psychotic Disorders With Measures of Substance Use
Hartz, S. M., Pato, C. N., Medeiros, H., Cavazos‐Rehg, P. A., Sobell, J. L., Knowles, J. A., Bierut, L. J., & Pato, M. T. (2014) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2013.3726 · Cited by 397 · see citing works
Margolese, H., Malchy, L., Negrete, J., Tempier, R., & Gill, K. (2004) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/s0920-9964(02)00523-6 · Cited by 277 · see citing works
The prevalence and significance of substance use disorders in bipolar type I and II disorder
Cerullo, M. A., & Strakowski, S. M. (2007) · Substance Abuse Treatment Prevention and Policy · doi:10.1186/1747-597x-2-29 · Cited by 198 · see citing works
Genetic predisposition to schizophrenia associated with increased use of cannabis
Power, R. A., Verweij, K. J. H., Zuhair, M., Montgomery, G. W., Henders, A. K., Heath, A. C., Madden, P. A. F., Medland, S. E., Wray, N. R., & Martin, N. G. (2014) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/mp.2014.51 · Cited by 196 · see citing works
Prescott, C. A., Aggen, S. H., & Kendler, K. S. (1999) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.1999.tb04270.x · Cited by 176 · see citing works
Blanco, C., Compton, W. M., Saha, T. D., Goldstein, B. I., Ruan, W. J., Huang, B., & Grant, B. F. (2017) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2016.10.003 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
G = E: What GWAS Can Tell Us about the Environment
Gage, S. H., Davey Smith, G., Ware, J. J., Flint, J., & Munafò, M. R. (2016) · PLOS Genetics · doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1005765 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Jackson, J. G., Diaz, F. J., Lopez, L., & de Leon, J. (2015) · Bipolar Disorders · doi:10.1111/bdi.12319 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Talati, A., Keyes, K. M., & Hasin, D. S. (2016) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/mp.2015.224 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Sex differences in the genetic risk for alcoholism.
Prescott, C. A. (2002) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Substance use disorders increase the odds of subsequent mood disorders
Kenneson, A., Funderburk, J. S., & Maisto, S. A. (2013) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2013.06.011 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Smith, M. J., Barch, D. M., Wolf, T., Mamah, D. T., & Csernansky, J. G. (2008) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2008.07.015 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Addictions and their familiality in Iceland
Tyrfingsson, Þ., Thorgeirsson, T. E., Geller, F., Rúnarsdóttir, V. Á., Hansdóttir, I., Björnsdóttir, G., Wiste, A. K., Jónsdóttir, G. A., Stefánsson, H., Gulcher, J. R., et al. (2010) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.05151.x · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Wootton, R. E., Richmond, R. C., Stuijfzand, B. G., Lawn, R. B., Sallis, H. M., Taylor, G. M. J., Hemani, G., Jones, H. J., Zammit, S., Davey Smith, G., et al. (2020) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291719002678 · Cited by 587 · see citing works
Volkow, N. D., & Blanco, C. (2023) · World psychiatry · doi:10.1002/wps.21073 · Cited by 503 · see citing works
Cannabis-associated psychosis: Neural substrate and clinical impact
Murray, R. M., Englund, A., Abi‐Dargham, A., Lewis, D. A., Forti, M. D., Davies, C., Sherif, M. A., McGuire, P. K., & D’Souza, D. C. (2017) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.06.018 · Cited by 201 · see citing works
Genome-wide polygenic score to predict chronic kidney disease across ancestries
Khan, A., Turchin, M. C., Patki, A., Srinivasasainagendra, V., Shang, N., Nadukuru, R., Jones, A. C., Małolepsza, E., Dikilitas, O., Kullo, I. J., et al. (2022) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41591-022-01869-1 · Cited by 166 · see citing works
Polygenic Risk Scores in Clinical Psychology: Bridging Genomic Risk to Individual Differences
Bogdan, R., Baranger, D. A. A., & Arpana Agrawal, A. (2018) · Annual Review of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-050817-084847 · Cited by 161 · see citing works
Opioid Addiction, Genetic Susceptibility, and Medical Treatments: A Review
Wang, S.-C., Chen, Y., Lee, C.-H., & Cheng, C.-M. (2019) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms20174294 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
Human Genetics of Addiction: New Insights and Future Directions
Hancock, D. B., Markunas, C. A., Bierut, L. J., & Johnson, E. O. (2018) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-018-0873-3 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Genome-wide association study implicates CHRNA2 in cannabis use disorder
Demontis, D., Rajagopal, V. M., Thorgeirsson, T. E., Als, T. D., Grove, J., Leppälä, K., Gudbjartsson, D. F., Pallesen, J., Hjorthøj, C. R., Reginsson, G. W., et al. (2019) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/s41593-019-0416-1 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Self-citationQuach, B. C., Bray, M. A., Gaddis, N., Liu, M., Palviainen, T., Minică, C. C., Zellers, S. M., Sherva, R., Alıev, F., Nothnagel, M., et al. (2020) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-020-19265-z · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Rietz, E. D., Coleman, J., Glanville, K., Choi, S., O'Reilly, P., & Kuntsi, J. (2017) · Biological Psychiatry: Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.bpsc.2017.11.013 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Genetic contributions to bipolar disorder: current status and future directions
O’Connell, K. S., & Coombes, B. J. (2021) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291721001252 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Human Disease Variation in the Light of Population Genomics
Prohaska, A., Racimo, F., Schork, A. J., Sikora, M., Stern, A. J., Ilardo, M. A., Allentoft, M. E., Folkersen, L., Buil, A., Moreno-Mayar, J. V., et al. (2019) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2019.01.052 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Self-citationPalk, A. C., Dalvie, S., de Vries, J., Martin, A. R., & Stein, D. J. (2019) · Philosophy Ethics and Humanities in Medicine · doi:10.1186/s13010-019-0073-8 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Šagud, M., Peleš, A. M., & Pivac, N. (2019) · Current Opinion in Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/yco.0000000000000529 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
The relationship between nicotine and psychosis
Quigley, H., & MacCabe, J. H. (2019) · Therapeutic Advances in Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/2045125319859969 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Recent Advances in the Genetics of Schizophrenia
Avramopoulos, D. (2018) · Complex Psychiatry · doi:10.1159/000488679 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Vermeulen, J. M., Wootton, R. E., Treur, J. L., Sallis, H. M., Jones, H. J., Zammit, S., van den Brink, W., Goodwin, G. M., de Haan, L., & Munafò, M. R. (2021) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.2019.202 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Cabana‐Domínguez, J., Shivalikanjli, A., Noèlia Fernàndez-castillo, A., & Cormand, B. (2019) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2019.109667 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Polygenic risk alters the penetrance of monogenic kidney disease
Khan, A., Shang, N., Nestor, J. G., Weng, C., Hripcsak, G. M., Harris, P. C., Gharavi, A. G., & Kiryluk, K. (2023) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-023-43878-9 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Molecular genetics of cocaine use disorders in humans
Noèlia Fernàndez-castillo, A., Cabana‐Domínguez, J., Corominas, R., & Cormand, B. (2021) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-021-01256-1 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Cigarette Smoking and Schizophrenia: Etiology, Clinical, Pharmacological, and Treatment Implications
Ding, J. B., & Hu, K. (2021) · Schizophrenia Research and Treatment · doi:10.1155/2021/7698030 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Impact of Polygenic Risk for Schizophrenia on Cortical Structure in UK Biobank
Neilson, E., Shen, X., Cox, S. R., Clarke, T., Wigmore, E. M., Gibson, J., Howard, D. M., Adams, M. J., Harris, M. A., Davies, G., et al. (2019) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2019.04.013 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Jones, H. J., Gage, S. H., Heron, J., Hickman, M., Lewis, G., Munafo, M. R., & Zammit, S. (2018) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2017.4271 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Nongenetic Factors Associated With Psychotic Experiences Among UK Biobank Participants
Lin, B. D., Pries, L.-K., Sarac, H. S., van Os, J., Rutten, B. P. F., Luykx, J. J., & Gülöksüz, S. (2022) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2022.1655 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Karcher, N. R., Barch, D. M., Demers, C. H., Baranger, D. A. A., Heath, A. C., Lynskey, M. T., & Arpana Agrawal, A. (2018) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2018.2546 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Smokin‘ hot: adolescent smoking and the risk of psychosis
Mustonen, A., Ahokas, T., Nordström, T., Murray, G. K., Maki, P. M., Jääskeläinen, E., Heiskala, A., McGrath, J. J., Scott, J. G., Miettunen, J., et al. (2018) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/acps.12863 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Sami, M. B., & Bhattacharyya, S. (2018) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/0269881118760662 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Relationships between substance abuse/dependence and psychiatric disorders based on polygenic scores
Gurriarán, X., Rodriguez‐Lopez, J. A., Flórez, G., Pereiro, C., Fernández, J. M., Fariñas, E., Estévez, V., Arrojo, M., Costas, J., & the GenPol Study Group (2018) · Genes Brain & Behavior · doi:10.1111/gbb.12504 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Polygenic risk scoring and prediction of mental health outcomes
Anderson, J. S., Shade, J., DiBlasi, E., Shabalin, A. A., & Docherty, A. R. (2018) · Current Opinion in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2018.09.002 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Genetic overlap and causal associations between smoking behaviours and mental health
Barkhuizen, W., Dudbridge, F., & Ronald, A. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-93962-7 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Linking Delay Discounting and Substance Use Disorders: Genotypes and Phenotypes
Mitchell, S. H. (2019) · Perspectives on Behavior Science · doi:10.1007/s40614-019-00218-x · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Masroor, A., Khorochkov, A., Prieto, J., Singh, K. B., Nnadozie, M. C., Abdal, M., Shrestha, N., Abe, R. A. M., & Mohammed, L. (2021) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.16722 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Schizophrenia and substance use comorbidity: a genome-wide perspective
Polimanti, R., Agrawal, A., & Gelernter, J. (2017) · Genome Medicine · doi:10.1186/s13073-017-0423-3 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Chang, L.-H., Couvy‐Duchesne, B., Liu, M., Medland, S. E., Verhulst, B., Benotsch, E. G., Hickie, I. B., Martin, N. G., & Gillespie, N. A. (2019) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2019.01.015 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Avval, F. Z., Mahmoudi, N., Tirkani, A. N., Jarahi, L., Alamdari, D. H., & Sadjadi, S. A. (2018) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Investigating the effects of genetic risk of schizophrenia on behavioural traits
Socrates, A., Maxwell, J. M., Glanville, K. P., Forti, M. D., Murray, R. M., Vassos, E., & O’Reilly, P. F. (2021) · Schizophrenia · doi:10.1038/s41537-020-00131-2 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Trauma exposure interacts with the genetic risk of bipolar disorder in alcohol misuse of US soldiers
Polimanti, R. A., Kaufman, J., Zhao, H., Kranzler, H. R., Ursano, R. J., Kessler, R. C., Stein, M. B., & Gelernter, J. E. (2017) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/acps.12843 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Greco, L. A., Reay, W. R., Dayas, C. V., & Cairns, M. J. (2022) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-022-02186-4 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Sex-Specific Association Between Genetic Risk of Psychiatric Disorders and Cardiovascular Diseases
Jiang, J.-C., Singh, K., Nitin, R., Davis, L. K., Wray, N. R., & Shah, S. H. (2024) · Circulation Genomic and Precision Medicine · doi:10.1161/circgen.124.004685 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Mallard, T. T., Harden, K. P., & Fromme, K. (2018) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291718002817 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Piasecki, T. M., Gizer, I. R., & Slutske, W. S. (2019) · Twin Research and Human Genetics · doi:10.1017/thg.2019.90 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Cross-ancestry genetic investigation of schizophrenia, cannabis use disorder, and tobacco smoking
Johnson, E. C., Austin-Zimmerman, I., Thorpe, H. H. A., Levey, D. F., Baranger, D. A. A., Colbert, S. M. C., Demontis, D., Khokhar, J. Y., Davis, L. K., Edenberg, H. J., et al. (2024) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/s41386-024-01886-3 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Cigarette smoking as a risk factor for schizophrenia or all non-affective psychoses
King, M., Jones, R., Petersen, I., Hamilton, F. L., & Nazareth, I. (2020) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291720000136 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Proof-of-concept study of a multi-gene risk score in adolescent bipolar disorder.
Dimick, M. K., Cazes, J., Fiksenbaum, L., Zai, C., Tampakeras, M., Freeman, N., Youngstrom, E., Kennedy, J., & Goldstein, B. (2019) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2019.11.009 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Prevalence of Substance Use among Psychotic Patients and Determining Its Strongest Predictor
Mousavi, S. B., Higgs, P., Piri, N., Sadri, E., Pourghasem, M., Fakhari, S. J., Noroozi, M., Miladinia, M., Ahounbar, E., & Sharhani, A. (2021) · Iranian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.18502/ijps.v16i2.5812 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Specificity of Psychiatric Polygenic Risk Scores and Their Effects on Associated Risk Phenotypes
Rodrigue, A., Mathias, S. R., Knowles, E. E. M., Mollon, J., Almasy, L. A., Schultz, L. M., Turner, J., Calhoun, V. D., & Glahn, D. C. (2022) · Biological Psychiatry Global Open Science · doi:10.1016/j.bpsgos.2022.05.008 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
García‐González, J., Ramírez, J., Howard, D. M., Brennan, C. H., Munroe, P. B., & Keers, R. (2020) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-020-01009-8 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Stoychev, K., Dilkov, D., Naghavi, E., & Kamburova, Z. (2021) · Diagnostics · doi:10.3390/diagnostics11061055 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Kang, J., Jiao, Z., Qin, Y., Wang, Y., Wang, J., Li, J., Feng, J., Wang, F., Tang, Y., & Gong, X. (2022) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2021.12.043 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Genome wide analysis of rare copy number variations in alcohol abuse or dependence
Rodríguez-López, J., Flórez, G., Blanco, V., Pereiro, C., Fernández, J. M., Fariñas, E., Estévez, V., Gómez-Trigo, J., Gurriarán, X., Calvo, R. C., et al. (2018) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2018.06.001 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Vivalya, B. M. N., Kitoko, G. M. B., Nzanzu, A. K., Vagheni, M. M., Masuka, R. K., Mugizi, W., & Ashaba, S. (2020) · Psychiatry Journal · doi:10.1155/2020/9190214 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Wang, S., Lai, R., Lee, Y., Su, M., Chen, C., Hsiao, P., Yang, A. C., Liu, Y., Tsai, S., & Kuo, P. (2020) · Genes Brain & Behavior · doi:10.1111/gbb.12639 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Is there sufficient evidence that cannabis use is a risk factor for psychosis?
Colizzi, M., & Bhattacharyya, S. (2020) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-813201-2.00016-8 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Johnson, E. C., Kapoor, M., Hatoum, A. S., Zhou, H., Polimanti, R. A., Wendt, F. R., Walters, R. K., Lai, D., Kember, R. L., Hartz, S. M., et al. (2021) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s003329172100266x · Cited by 11 · see citing works
de Marco, A., Scozia, G., Manfredi, L., & Conversi, D. (2022) · Genes · doi:10.3390/genes13081303 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Polygenic risk affects the penetrance of monogenic kidney diseasePreprint
Khan, A., Shang, N., Nestor, J. G., Weng, C., Hripcsak, G. M., Harris, P. C., Gharavi, A. G., & Kiryluk, K. (2023) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2023.05.07.23289614 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Duan, F., Song, C., Wang, P., Ye, H., Dai, L., Zhang, J., & Wang, K. (2021) · Clinical and Translational Gastroenterology · doi:10.14309/ctg.0000000000000430 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Miller, A. P., Gizer, I. R., Fleming, W., Otto, J. M., Deak, J. D., Martins, J. S., & Bartholow, B. D. (2019) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2019.06.025 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Jones, H. J., Hammerton, G., McCloud, T., Hines, L. A., Wright, C., Gage, S. H., Holmans, P., Jones, P. B., Davey Smith, G., Linden, D. E. J., et al. (2022) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291720001798 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Levit, J. D., Meyers, J. L., Georgakopoulos, P., & Pato, M. T. (2022) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2022.12.140 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Impaired extinction of operant cocaine in a genetic mouse model of schizophrenia risk
Chesworth, R., Visini, G., & Karl, T. (2023) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-023-06386-8 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Brady, D. J., Phalen, P. L., Roche, D. J. O., Cowan, T., & Bennett, M. E. (2023) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2023.107949 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Padula, C. B., Hansen, A. M., Hughes, R. L., & McNerney, M. W. (2021) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci11010062 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
A polygenic approach to the association between smoking and schizophrenia
Al‐Soufi, L., Martorell, L., Moltó, M. D., González‐Peñas, J., García‐Portilla, M. P., Arrojo, M., Rivero, O., Gutiérrez‐Zotes, A., Nácher, J., Muntané, G., et al. (2021) · Addiction Biology · doi:10.1111/adb.13104 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Genetic risk and gastric cancer: polygenic risk scores in population-based case-control study
Duan, F., Liu, L., Chen, X., Yang, Q., Wang, Y., Zhang, Y., & Wang, K. (2023) · Expert Review of Molecular Diagnostics · doi:10.1080/14737159.2023.2206957 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Exploratory Analysis of Polygenic Risk Scores for Psychiatric Disorders: Applied to Dual Diagnosis
Martínez‐Magaña, J. J., González‐Castro, T. B., Mendoza, A. D. G., Tovilla‐Zárate, C. A., Juárez‐Rojop, I. E., Uribe, E. S., Rodríguez-Mayoral, O., Lanzagorta, N., Escamilla, M., Kauffer, L. R. M., et al. (2019) · Revista de investigaci�n Cl�nica · doi:10.24875/ric.19003013 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
McGeary, J. E., Benca‐Bachman, C. E., Risner, V., Beevers, C. G., Gibb, B. E., & Palmer, R. H. C. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-33645-7 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Microglia contribute to bipolar depression through Serinc2-dependent phospholipid synthesis
Wang, Y.-H., Fu, C.-L., Chen, L., Zhang, C., Chen, J., Zhang, Q.-M., Liang, Y., Yang, R.-L., Li, Y., Zhang, Y., et al. (2025) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2500116122 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Genome-wide association studies of lifetime and frequency of cannabis use in 131,895 individuals
Thorpe, H. H. A., Fontanillas, P., Meredith, J. J., Jennings, M. V., Cupertino, R. B., Pakala, S. R., Elson, S. L., Khokhar, J. Y., Davis, L. K., Johnson, E. C., et al. (2025) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-025-03219-2 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Ajnakina, O., Shamsutdinova, D. D., Stahl, D. R., & Steptoe, A. (2023) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A · doi:10.1093/gerona/glad168 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Progress and Implications from Genetic Studies of Bipolar Disorder
Kong, L., Chen, Y., Shen, Y., Zhang, D., Chen, W., Lai, J., & Hu, S. (2024) · Neuroscience Bulletin · doi:10.1007/s12264-023-01169-9 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Interplay between polygenic risk for mood disorders and stressful life events in bipolar disorder.
Hosang, G., Shakoor, S., King, N., Sanches, M., Vincent, J. B., Kennedy, J., Mcguffin, P., Keers, R., & Zai, C. (2024) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2024.01.167 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Developing and testing high‐efficacy patient subgroups within a clinical trial using risk scores
Cherlin, S., & Wason, J. M. S. (2020) · Statistics in Medicine · doi:10.1002/sim.8665 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Алфимова, М. В., Gabaeva, M. V., Lezheiko, T., Plakunova, V., Chaika, Y. A., & Голимбет, В. Е. (2025) · Diseases · doi:10.3390/diseases13030066 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Lai, R., Su, M., Lin, K., Chen, C., Pan, Y., Hsiao, P., Chen, P., Huang, Y., Wu, C., & Wang, S. (2023) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2023.10.141 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Investigating the role of behaviour in the genetic risk for schizophreniaPreprint
Maxwell, J. M., Socrates, A., Glanville, K. P., Forti, M. D., Murray, R. M., Vassos, E., & O’Reilly, P. F. (2019) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/611079 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Dawidowski, B., Olejniczak, B., Groblińska, K., Knapińska, M., Kozicka, U. A., Krasiński, M., Kułak, A., Grelecki, G., Czaplińska, Z., Piotrowska, O., et al. (2024) · Psychiatria Polska · doi:10.12740/pp/171620 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Changes in polygenic burden for psychiatric disorders across two decades of birth cohorts
Lousdal, M. L., LaBianca, S., Agerbo, E., Albiñana, C., Vilhjálmsson, B. J., McGrath, J. J., Schork, A. J., & Plana‐Ripoll, O. (2025) · Nature Mental Health · doi:10.1038/s44220-025-00478-4 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Polygenic Risk Scores and Bipolar Disorder
Bengesser, S., & Reininghaus, E. Z. (2018) · Journal of Psychiatry and Brain Science · doi:10.20900/jpbs.20180013 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Genome-wide association studies of lifetime and frequency cannabis use in 131,895 individualsPreprint
Thorpe, H. H. A., Fontanillas, P., Meredith, J. J., Jennings, M. V., Cupertino, R. B., Pakala, S. R., Elson, S. L., Khokhar, J. Y., Davis, L. K., Johnson, E. C., et al. (2024) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2024.06.14.24308946 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Ding, L., Haberg, A. K., Thompson, P. M., Jahanshad, N., Faskowitz, J., Zhu, A. H., & Saremi, A. (2018) · International Symposium on Medical Information Processing and Analysis (SIPAIM) · doi:10.1117/12.2506660 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Nicola, M. D., Moccia, L., Ferri, V. R., Panaccione, I., & Janiri, L. (2019) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-813125-1.00038-6 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Structural neuroimaging phenotypes of a novel multi-gene risk score in youth bipolar disorder
Cazes, J., Dimick, M. K., Kennedy, K. G., Fıksenbaum, L., Zai, C. C. H., Patel, R., Islam, A. H., Tampakeras, M., Freeman, N., Kennedy, J. L., et al. (2021) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2021.04.040 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Omidian, S., Moghadam, K. K., & Rashidi, H. H. (2022) · فصلنامه علمی و پژوهشی اعتیادپژوهی · doi:10.52547/etiadpajohi.16.64.309 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Heterogeneity analysis provides evidence for a genetically homogeneous subtype of bipolar-disorder
McGrouther, C. C., Rangan, A. V., Florio, A. D., Elman, J. A., Schork, N. J., & Kelsoe, J. R. (2025) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0314288 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Essential Psychiatric Disorders
Masson, S., Bleuer‐Elsner, S., Muller, G., Médam, T., Chevallier, J., & Gaultier, E. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-53012-8_13 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Genetic Risk of Psychosis in Relation to Cannabis Use: Findings from Polygenic Risk Score Approaches
Adorjan, K., & Papiol, S. (2019) · Journal of Psychiatry and Brain Science · doi:10.20900/jpbs.20190018 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Wang, W., Fang, Y., Jiang, X., Huang, W., Wang, Z., & Lin, G. N. (2019) · IEEE International Conference on Bioinformatics and Biomedicine (BIBM) · doi:10.1109/bibm47256.2019.8983255 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Beaupre, L. M., Coombes, B. J., Batzler, A. J., Sánchez-Ruiz, J. A., Kolla, B. P., Romo‐Nava, F., Pazdernik, V., Jenkins, G. D., Waller, T. C., Skime, M. K., et al. (2025) · Bipolar Disorders · doi:10.1111/bdi.70018 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Ercis, M., Solares‐Bravo, M., Pazdernik, V., González-Campos, T., Sánchez-Ruiz, J. A., Ceylan, D., Larson, N. L., Ruddy, K. J., Couch, F. J., Olson, J. E., et al. (2025) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2025.116598 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Musket, C. W., Rupert, P. E., Kuo, S. S., Roalf, D. R., Prasad, K. M. R., Wood, J. A., Gur, R. C., Almasy, L. A., Gur, R. E., Nimgaonkar, V. L., et al. (2025) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2025.11.014 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Manuel Gurpegui, A., Gutiérrez-Rojas, L., Martínez-Ortega, J. M., García-Jiménez, J., Jiménez‐Fernández, S., González-Domenech, P., & Pérez-Costillas, L. (2026) · Bipolar Disorders · doi:10.1111/bdi.70149 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
O’Connell, K. S., Smeland, O. B., & Andreassen, O. A. (2022) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-819602-1.00003-6 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Karimi, F., & Zargarshirazi, F. (2024) · Research on Addiction · doi:10.61186/etiadpajohi.17.70.175 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Chapter 43. Epidemiology of Co-Occurring Psychiatric and Substance Use Disorders
Schulden, J. D., & Blanco, C. (2021) · American Psychiatric Association Publishing eBooks · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9781615373970.kb43 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Mallard, T. T., Harden, K. P., & Fromme, K. (2017) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/157636 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Genetic risk in adult family members of patients with bipolar disorder
McDonald, C. (2018) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-812347-8.00005-1
Computational Approaches for Identification of Pleiotropic Biomarker Profiles in Psychiatry
Cao, H., & Schwarz, E. (2019) · Advances in experimental medicine and biology · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-12668-1_6
Gade, K., Papiol, S., Heilbronner, U., Budde, M., Adorjan, K., Anderson‐Schmidt, H., Kalman, J. L., Aldinger, F., Andlauer, T. F. M., & Schulze, T. G. (2019) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2017.08.333
Genetic influences on substance use behaviour and disorders and psychiatric disorders
Chang, L.-H. (2020) · The University of Queensland · doi:10.14264/uql.2020.734
- Authors
- Reginsson, G. W., Ingason, A., Euesden, J., Bjornsdottir, G., Olafsson, S., Sigurdsson, E., Oskarsson, H., Tyrfingsson, T., Runarsdottir, V., Hansdottir, I., Steinberg, S., Stefansson, H., Gudbjartsson, D. F., Thorgeirsson, T. E., & Stefansson, K.
- Affiliations
- deCODE Genetics (Iceland) (IS)
- deCODE genetics/Amgen Iceland
- King's College London (GB)
- Department of Psychiatry Landspitalinn University Hospital Iceland
- Humus Reykjavik Iceland
- SAA‐National Center of Addiction Medicine Iceland
- Venue
- Addiction Biology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2017-02-23
- Volume
- 23
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 485-492
- ISSN
- 1355-6215 (ISSN-L)
- 1369-1600
- PMC
- PMC5811785
- OpenAlex
- W2591133298
- Cited by
- 112
- References
- 30
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 22 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 5
- FWCI
- 9.23
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Addiction Biology (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research Portal (King's College London) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Opin vísindi (Opin vísindi) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Hirsla (Landspítali University Hospital) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (R01‐DA017932)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic Associations and Epidemiology
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Schizophrenia research and treatment
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Smoking Behavior and Cessation
- Keywords
- polygenic risk score, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, addiction, substance use disorders, smoking, nicotine dependence, alcoholism, shared genetic etiology, psychosis, inpatient addiction treatment, smoking stigma
- MeSH terms
- Cigarette Smoking, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Alcoholism, Bipolar Disorder, Female, Humans, Iceland, Male, Middle Aged, Risk, Schizophrenia, Tobacco Use Disorder, Odds Ratio, Substance-Related Disorders, Multifactorial Inheritance
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
