Cited by 170Substance Abuse Treatment and OutcomesSmoking Behavior and CessationBehavioral Health and Interventions

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The Craving Experience Questionnaire: a brief, theory-based measure of consummatory desire and craving: CEQ: Craving Experience Questionnaire

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May, Jon, Andrade, Jackie, Kavanagh, David J., Feeney, Gerald F. X., Gullo, Mathew J., Statham, Dixie J., Skorka-Brown, Jessica, Connolly, Jennifer M., Cassimatis, Mandy, Young, Ross McD., Connor, Jason P.·2014·Addiction

DOI 10.1111/add.12472

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Abstract

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Research into craving is hampered by lack of theoretical specification and a plethora of substance-specific measures. This study aimed to develop a generic measure of craving based on elaborated intrusion (EI) theory. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) examined whether a generic measure replicated the three-factor structure of the Alcohol Craving Experience (ACE) scale over different consummatory targets and time-frames. DESIGN: Twelve studies were pooled for CFA. Targets included alcohol, cigarettes, chocolate and food. Focal periods varied from the present moment to the previous week. Separate analyses were conducted for strength and frequency forms. SETTING: Nine studies included university students, with single studies drawn from an internet survey, a community sample of smokers and alcohol-dependent out-patients. PARTICIPANTS: A heterogeneous sample of 1230 participants. MEASUREMENTS: Adaptations of the ACE questionnaire. FINDINGS: Both craving strength [comparative fit indices (CFI = 0.974; root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) = 0.039, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.035-0.044] and frequency (CFI = 0.971, RMSEA = 0.049, 95% CI = 0.044-0.055) gave an acceptable three-factor solution across desired targets that mapped onto the structure of the original ACE (intensity, imagery, intrusiveness), after removing an item, re-allocating another and taking intercorrelated error terms into account. Similar structures were obtained across time-frames and targets. Preliminary validity data on the resulting 10-item Craving Experience Questionnaire (CEQ) for cigarettes and alcohol were strong. CONCLUSIONS: The Craving Experience Questionnaire (CEQ) is a brief, conceptually grounded and psychometrically sound measure of desires. It demonstrates a consistent factor structure across a range of consummatory targets in both laboratory and clinical contexts.

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Authors: May, J., Andrade, J., Kavanagh, D. J., Feeney, G. F. X., Gullo, M. J., Statham, D. J., Skorka-Brown, J., Connolly, J. M., Cassimatis, M., Young, R. M., & Connor, J. P.
Affiliations: University of Plymouth (GB)
Queensland University of Technology (AU)
Princess Alexandra Hospital (AU)
Centre for Youth Substance Abuse Research; The University of Queensland and Queensland University of Technology; Brisbane Queensland Australia
University of the Sunshine Coast (AU)
Corresponding author: May, Jon
ORCID: May, Jon
Andrade, Jackie
Kavanagh, David J.
Statham, Dixie J.
Cassimatis, Mandy
Young, Ross McD.
Connor, Jason P.
Venue: Addiction
Publisher: Wiley
Published: 2014-02-16
Volume: 109
Issue: 5
Pages: 728-735
ISSN: 0965-2140 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1111/add.12472
OpenAlex: W1562803040
Cited by: 170
References: 27
Citations by year: 2026: 13 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 20 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 16 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 6
FWCI: 7.30
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Licence: doi.wiley.com/10.1002/tdm_license_1.1 (tdm, 562 d)
Locations: Addiction (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
QUT ePrints (Queensland University of Technology) (submittedVersion)
PEARL (University of Plymouth) (submittedVersion)
Funders: Johns Hopkins University
Medical Research Council
National Health and Medical Research Council
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Smoking Behavior and Cessation
Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Behavioral Health and Interventions
Keywords: craving, alcohol craving, cigarette craving, food cravings, chocolate craving, craving intensity, factor structure, psychometric validation, substance use
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Alcohol Drinking, Ethanol, Cacao, Factor Analysis, Statistical, Female, Food, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Psychological Theory, Surveys and Questionnaires, Smoking, Behavior, Addictive, Young Adult, Tobacco Products, Craving

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The Craving Experience Questionnaire: a brief, theory-based measure of consummatory desire and craving: CEQ: Craving Experience Questionnaire

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