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Frequency of health‐care utilization by adults who use illicit drugs: a systematic review and meta‐analysis

Lewer, Dan, Freer, Joseph, King, Emma, Larney, Sarah, Degenhardt, Louisa, Tweed, Emily J., Hope, Vivian D., Harris, Magdalena, Millar, Tim, Hayward, Andrew, Ciccarone, Dan, Morley, Katherine I.·2020·Addiction
DOI 10.1111/add.14892PMC PMC7210080
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Abstract

Aims: To summarize evidence on the frequency and predictors of health‐care utilization among people who use illicit drugs. Design: Systematic search of MEDLINE, EMBASE and PsychINFO for observational studies reporting health‐care utilization published between 1 January 2000 and 3 December 2018. We conducted narrative synthesis and meta‐analysis following a registered protocol (identifier: CRD42017076525). Setting and participants: People who use heroin, powder cocaine, crack cocaine, methamphetamine, amphetamine, ecstasy/3,4‐methyl​enedioxy​methamphetamine (MDMA), cannabis, hallucinogens or novel psychoactive substances; have a diagnosis of ‘substance use disorder’; or use drug treatment services. Measurements: Primary outcomes were the cumulative incidence (risk) and rate of care episodes in three settings: primary care, hospital admissions (in‐patient) and emergency department (ED). Findings: Ninety‐two studies were included, 84% from North America and Australia. Most studies focused on people using heroin, methamphetamine or crack cocaine, or who had a diagnosis of drug dependence. We were able to conduct a meta‐analysis of rates across 25 studies reporting ED episodes and 25 reporting hospital admissions, finding pooled rates of 151 [95% confidence interval (CI) = 114–201] and 41 (95% CI = 30–57) per 100 person‐years, respectively; on average 4.8 and 7.1 times more often than the general population. Heterogeneity was very high and was not explained by drugs used, country of study, recruitment setting or demographic characteristics. Predictors of health‐care utilization were consistent across studies and included unstable housing, drug injection and mental health problems. Opioid substitution therapy was consistently associated with reduced ED presentation and hospital admission. There was minimal research on health‐care utilization by people using ecstasy/MDMA, powder cocaine, hallucinogens or novel psychoactive substances. Conclusions: People who use illicit drugs are admitted to emergency department or hospital several times more often than the general population.

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Crossref · 10.1111/add.14892

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Figure 1 Flow‐chart of included studies
Figure 1 Flow‐chart of included studiesCC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 2 Unique study populations by predominant drug and recruitment source [Colour figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]
Figure 2 Unique study populations by predominant drug and recruitment source [Colour figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 3 Main reason for health‐care utilization [Colour figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]
Figure 3 Main reason for health‐care utilization [Colour figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 4 Forest plot of rates of health‐care utilization. Studies in grey and italics are not included in the pooled estimate
Figure 4 Forest plot of rates of health‐care utilization. Studies in grey and italics are not included in the pooled estimateCC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 5 Forest plot of 12‐month cumulative incidence of health‐care utilization. Studies in grey and italics are not included in the pooled estimate
Figure 5 Forest plot of 12‐month cumulative incidence of health‐care utilization. Studies in grey and italics are not included in the pooled estimateCC BY · PubMed Central

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Citations

Cites

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Metadata

Authors
Lewer, D., Freer, J., King, E., Larney, S., Degenhardt, L., Tweed, E. J., Hope, V. D., Harris, M., Millar, T., Hayward, A., Ciccarone, D., & Morley, K. I.
Affiliations
  • UCL Collaborative Centre for Inclusion Health Institute of Epidemiology and Health Care UCL London UK
  • Centre for Primary Care and Public Health Queen Mary University of London London UK
  • National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre (NDARC) University of New South Wales Randwick, NSW Australia
  • MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit University of Glasgow Glasgow UK
  • Public Health Institute Liverpool John Moores University Liverpool UK
  • Department of Public Health, Environments and Society London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine , London UK
  • Centre for Mental Health and Safety The University of Manchester Manchester UK
  • Department of Family and Community Medicine University of California San Francisco CA USA
  • National Addictions Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London London UK
ORCID
Venue
Addiction
Publisher
Wiley
Published
2020-02-10
Volume
115
Issue
6
Pages
1011-1023
ISSN
  • 0965-2140
  • 1360-0443
DOI
10.1111/add.14892
PMC
PMC7210080
Cited by
161
References
11
Language
en
Licence
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (vor)
Funders
  • Chief Scientist Office (CAF/17/11, SPHSU13, SPHSU15)
  • Department of Health, Australian Government
  • Medical Research Council (MC_UU_12017/13, MC_UU_12017/15)
  • National Health and Medical Research Council (GNT1041742, GNT1091878, GNT1135991, GNT1140938)
  • National Institute for Health Research (CDF‐2016‐09‐014, DRF‐2018‐11‐ST2‐016)
  • National Institute on Drug Abuse (DA037820, R01DA1104470)
  • Wellcome Trust (109823/Z/15/Z)

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