Paediatric rhinitis: position paper of the E uropean A cademy of Allergy and C linical I mmunology
Open accessAbstract
Rhinitis is a common problem in childhood and adolescence and impacts negatively on physical, social and psychological well‐being. This position paper, prepared by the European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology Taskforce on Rhinitis in Children, aims to provide evidence‐based recommendations for the diagnosis and therapy of paediatric rhinitis. Rhinitis is characterized by at least two nasal symptoms: rhinorrhoea, blockage, sneezing or itching. It is classified as allergic rhinitis, infectious rhinitis and nonallergic, noninfectious rhinitis. Similar symptoms may occur with other conditions such as adenoidal hypertrophy, septal deviation and nasal polyps. Examination by anterior rhinoscopy and allergy tests may help to substantiate a diagnosis of allergic rhinitis. Avoidance of relevant allergens may be helpful for allergic rhinitis ( AR ). Oral and intranasal antihistamines and nasal corticosteroids are both appropriate for first‐line AR treatment although the latter are more effective. Once‐daily forms of corticosteroids are preferred given their improved safety profile. Potentially useful add‐on therapies for AR include oral leukotriene receptor antagonists, short bursts of a nasal decongestant, saline douches and nasal anticholinergics. Allergen‐specific immunotherapy is helpful in IgE‐mediated AR and may prevent the progression of allergic disease. There are still a number of areas that need to be clarified in the management of rhinitis in children and adolescents.
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Interpretation of allergy tests has moved from dichotomization based on arbitrary criteria to quantification using specific IgE titer and skin prick test wheal size.
“This has changed the way we interpret the results of allergy tests, with a move from dichotomization (labeling patients as being sensitized based on a “positive” test using arbitrary criteria), to quantification of blood or skin tests using sIgE titer and SPT wheal size.893,1010-1012”
From International Consensus Statement on Allergy and Rhinology: Allergic Rhinitis (2018) · cites this paper as [1011]
In “Defining the presence of allergy” (page not provided), the paper says that quantifying specific IgE or skin-test wheal size offers more information than recording the presence or absence of sensitization. It does not describe a historical move away from dichotomization or call the criteria for a positive test arbitrary. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
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- Authors
- Roberts, G., Xatzipsalti, M., Borrego, L. M., Custovic, A., Halken, S., Hellings, P. W., Papadopoulos, N. G., Rotiroti, G., Scadding, G., Timmermans, F., & Valovirta, E.
- Affiliations
- University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust (GB)
- Panagiotis & Aglaia Kyriakou Children's Hospital (GR)
- University of Lisbon (PT)
- Manchester Academic Health Science Centre NIHR Respiratory and Allergy Clinical Research Facility The University of Manchester University Hospital of South Manchester NHS Foundation Trust Manchester UK
- Odense University Hospital (DK)
- KU Leuven (BE)
- National and Kapodistrian University of Athens (GR)
- Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust (GB)
- Royal National Throat Nose and Ear Hospital (GB)
- Nederlands Anafylaxis Netwerk Dordrecht the Netherlands
- University of Turku (FI)
- Corresponding author
- Roberts, G.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Allergy
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2013-08-19
- Volume
- 68
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 1102-1116
- ISSN
- 0105-4538 (ISSN-L)
- 1398-9995
- OpenAlex
- W2148221160
- Cited by
- 416
- References
- 215
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 25 · 2023: 33 · 2022: 39 · 2021: 50 · 2020: 63 · 2019: 47 · 2018: 36 · 2017: 27 · 2016: 31 · 2015: 22 · 2014: 15 · 2013: 4
- FWCI
- 3.75
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Allergy (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Pure Amsterdam UMC (publishedVersion)
- Research Explorer (The University of Manchester) (publishedVersion)
- University of Southern Denmark Research Portal (University of Southern Denmark) (publishedVersion)
- Portuguese National Funding Agency for Science, Research and Technology (RCAAP Project by FCT) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
- ePrints Soton (University of Southampton) (submittedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology
- Medical Research Council (MR/K002449/1)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Immunology and Allergy › Allergic Rhinitis and Sensitization
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Asthma and respiratory diseases
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Immunology and Allergy › Food Allergy and Anaphylaxis Research
- Keywords
- allergic rhinitis, infectious rhinitis, non-allergic rhinitis, diagnosis, intranasal corticosteroids, antihistamines, leukotriene receptor antagonists, nasal decongestants, allergen immunotherapy, allergen avoidance, adenoid hypertrophy, nasal polyps, septal deviation, adolescents
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Child, Child, Preschool, Humans, Infant, Infant, Newborn, Rhinitis, Comorbidity, Prevalence
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
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