Measurement of skeletal muscle radiation attenuation and basis of its biological variation
Open accessAbstract
Skeletal muscle contains intramyocellular lipid droplets within the cytoplasm of myocytes as well as intermuscular adipocytes. These depots exhibit physiological and pathological variation which has been revealed with the advent of diagnostic imaging approaches: magnetic resonance ( MR ) imaging, MR spectroscopy and computed tomography ( CT ). CT uses computer‐processed X‐rays and is now being applied in muscle physiology research. The purpose of this review is to present CT methodologies and summarize factors that influence muscle radiation attenuation, a parameter which is inversely related to muscle fat content. Pre‐defined radiation attenuation ranges are used to demarcate intermuscular adipose tissue [from −190 to −30 H ounsfield units ( HU )] and muscle (−29 HU to +150 HU ). Within the latter range, the mean muscle radiation attenuation [muscle ( radio ) density] is reported. Inconsistent criteria for the upper and lower HU cut‐offs used to characterize muscle attenuation limit comparisons between investigations. This area of research would benefit from standardized criteria for reporting muscle attenuation. Available evidence suggests that muscle attenuation is plastic with physiological variation induced by the process of ageing, as well as by aerobic training, which probably reflects accumulation of lipids to fuel aerobic work. Pathological variation in muscle attenuation reflects excess fat deposition in the tissue and is observed in people with obesity, diabetes type II , myositis, osteoarthritis, spinal stenosis and cancer. A poor prognosis and different types of morbidity are predicted by the presence of reduced mean muscle attenuation values in patients with these conditions; however, the biological features of muscle with these characteristics require further investigation.
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Radiological attenuation of the quadriceps muscle, a valid proxy of contractile density, showed no significant change in transgender women after 12 months of treatment, whereas transgender men demonstrated a +6% increase in contractile density with testosterone supplementation.
“The more novel measure of radiological attenuation of the quadriceps muscle, a valid proxy of contractile density [74, 75], showed no significant change in transgender women after 12 months of treatment, whereas the parallel group of transgender men demonstrated a + 6% increase in contractile density with testosterone supplementation.”
From Transgender Women in the Female Category of Sport: Perspectives on Testosterone Suppression and Performance Advantage (2021) · cites this paper as [74]
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- Authors
- Aubrey, J., Esfandiari, N., Baracos, V. E., Buteau, F. A., Frenette, J., Putman, C. T., & Mazurak, V. C.
- Affiliations
- University of Alberta (CA)
- Centre hospitalier universitaire de Québec (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Mazurak, V. C.
- Venue
- Acta Physiologica
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2014-02-06
- Volume
- 210
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 489-497
- ISSN
- 1748-1708 (ISSN-L)
- 1748-1716
- PMC
- PMC4309522
- OpenAlex
- W2002187071
- Cited by
- 720
- References
- 69
- Citations by year
- 2026: 83 · 2025: 60 · 2024: 73 · 2023: 71 · 2022: 88 · 2021: 90 · 2020: 78 · 2019: 51 · 2018: 43 · 2017: 39 · 2016: 26 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 7
- FWCI
- 3.25
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Acta Physiologica (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Alberta Innovates
- Canadian Institutes of Health Research
- Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Body Composition Measurement Techniques
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Muscle Physiology and Disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Nutrition and Health in Aging
- Keywords
- muscle density, Hounsfield units, intramyocellular lipid, intermuscular adipose tissue, muscle fat content, aging, aerobic exercise, obesity, type 2 diabetes, myositis, osteoarthritis, spinal stenosis, cancer, prognosis
- MeSH terms
- Adipose Tissue, Animals, Humans, Tomography, X-Ray Computed, Muscle, Skeletal
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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