Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and sarcopenia: Where do we stand?
Open accessAbstract
The link between metabolic syndrome (MetS) and sarcopenia has not been extensively studied, but it is evident that they share several common features. Crucial mechanisms involved in sarcopenia-nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) interplay are based on effects of insulin resistance, chronic inflammation, oxidative stress, and crosstalk between organs by secretion of cytokines (hepatokines, adipokines, and myokines). Currently, published studies confirm the association of sarcopenia with the degree of NAFLD defined by liver histology. However, prospective studies that will give us information regarding the causal effect of NAFLD and sarcopenia are still needed. Furthermore, there is a need for a patient-friendly, noninvasive, low-cost method for detection of loss of skeletal muscle mass, strength, and physical performance in the context of NAFLD. Moreover, potential treatment strategies such as physical exercise and nutritional supplementation, that are usually a part of management of sarcopenia, should also be investigated in NAFLD patients, especially given the fact that for now, we do not have a good treatment option for NAFLD. Therefore, future investigations should combine studies on NAFLD and sarcopenia in terms of physical activity and nutritional interventions such as vitamin D supplementation. This review aims to report recent evidence concerning the links between sarcopenia and NAFLD and methods to assess sarcopenia.
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Myostatin has a role as a therapeutic target for managing metabolic disorders.
“Therefore, it is worth noting that myostatin has a role as a therapeutic target for managing these aforementioned metabolic disorders [45].”
From Adipokines, Myokines, and Hepatokines: Crosstalk and Metabolic Repercussions (2021) · cites this paper as [45]
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Sherif, O. E., Dhaliwal, A., Newsome, P. N., & Armstrong, M. J. (2020) · Expert Review of Gastroenterology & Hepatology · doi:10.1080/17474124.2020.1731303 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Ultrasound Method for Estimating the Cross-Sectional Area of the Psoas Major Muscle
Takai, Y., Katsumata, Y., Kawakami, Y., Kanehisa, H., & Fukunaga, T. (2011) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0b013e31821994cb · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Lovesley, D., John, S., Vaidya, A. C., Khakhar, A. K., Bhuvaneshwari, S., & Ramamurthy, A. (2017) · Clinical Nutrition ESPEN · doi:10.1016/j.clnesp.2017.01.011 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
The Relationship between NAFLD and Sarcopenia in Elderly Patients
Zhai, Y., Xiao, Q., & Miao, J. (2018) · Canadian Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology · doi:10.1155/2018/5016091 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Controversies in Diagnosing Sarcopenia in Cirrhosis—Moving from Research to Clinical Practice
Sinclair, M. J. (2019) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu11102454 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Kobayashi, K., Maruyama, H., Kiyono, S., Ogasawara, S., Suzuki, E., Ooka, Y., Chiba, T., Kato, N., & Yamaguchi, T. (2017) · Journal of Gastroenterology · doi:10.1007/s00535-017-1378-2 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Sarcopenia and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a causal relationship
Pacifico, L., Perla, F. M., & Chiesa, C. (2019) · HepatoBiliary Surgery and Nutrition · doi:10.21037/hbsn.2018.11.11 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Seko, Y., Mizuno, N., Okishio, S., Takahashi, A., Kataoka, S., Okuda, K., Furuta, M., Takemura, M., Taketani, H., Umemura, A., et al. (2019) · Hepatology Research · doi:10.1111/hepr.13321 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
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Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Adipokines, Myokines, and Hepatokines: Crosstalk and Metabolic Repercussions
de Oliveira dos Santos, A. R., de Oliveira Zanuso, B., Miola, V. F. B., Barbalho, S. M., Santos Bueno, P. C., Flato, U. A. P., Detregiachi, C. R. P., Buchaim, D. V., Buchaim, R. L., Tofano, R. J., et al. (2021) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms22052639 · Cited by 189 · see citing works
Petermann-Rocha, F. E., Gray, S. R., Forrest, E. H., Welsh, P. I., Sattar, N. A., Celis-Morales, C. A., Ho, F. K. W., & Pell, J. P. (2022) · Journal of Hepatology · doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2022.01.010 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
Jouy, S. H., Mohan, S., Scichilone, G., Mostafa, A., & Mahmoud, A. M. (2024) · Biomedicines · doi:10.3390/biomedicines12092129 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
South Asian Working Action Group on SARCOpenia (SWAG-SARCO) – A consensus document
Dhar, M., Kapoor, N., Suastika, K., Khamseh, M. E., Selim, S., Kumar, V., Raza, S. A., Azmat, U., Pathania, M., Mahadeb, Y., et al. (2022) · Osteoporosis and Sarcopenia · doi:10.1016/j.afos.2022.04.001 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Couteur, D. G. L., Ngu, M., Hunt, N. J., Brandon, A. E., Simpson, S. J., & Cogger, V. C. (2025) · Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology · doi:10.1038/s41575-025-01099-z · Cited by 64 · see citing works
“The relationship between MASLD and sarcopenia is thought to be mediated by shared biological mechanisms (insulin resistance, inflammaging, oxidative stress), physical inactivity and poor nutrition, as well as crosstalk via hepatokines and myokines 151 .”
Mitochondrial involvement in sarcopenia
Affourtit, C., & Carré, J. E. (2024) · Acta Physiologica · doi:10.1111/apha.14107 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Harring, M., Golabi, P., Paik, J. M., Shah, D., Racila, A., Cable, R., Srishord, M. K., & Younossi, Z. M. (2023) · Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology · doi:10.1016/j.cgh.2023.02.013 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Kouvari, M., Pοlyzos, S. A., Chrysohoou, C. A., Skoumas, J., Pitsavos, C. S., Panagiotakos, D. B., & Mantzoros, C. S. (2022) · Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2022.03.022 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Skladaný, Ľ., Molčan, P., Vnenčáková, J., Vrbová, P., Kukla, M., Lafférs, L., & Koller, T. (2021) · Canadian Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology · doi:10.1155/2021/5576531 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
“Several reports have highlighted the negative impact of sarcopenia in NAFLD and ACLD [8–19].”
Sarcopenia, healthy living, and mortality in patients with chronic liver diseases
Dongen, C. V., Paik, J. M., Harring, M., Younossi, Y., Price, J. K., Kabbara, K. W., Golabi, P., & Younossi, Z. M. (2022) · Hepatology Communications · doi:10.1002/hep4.2061 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease: A story of muscle and mass
Va, I. (2025) · World Journal of Gastroenterology · doi:10.3748/wjg.v31.i20.105346 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“The association between sarcopenia and MASLD is complex and multifactorial, involving shared pathophysiological mechanisms, including insulin resistance, inflammation, and metabolic dysregulation[14-16].”
Wijarnpreecha, K., Aby, E. S., Ahmed, A., & Kim, D. (2021) · Journal of Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases · doi:10.15403/jgld-3323 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“In summary, the mechanism that is involved in the sarcopenia-NAFLD relationship is mainly from insulin resistance, chronic inflammation, oxidative stress, and interlink between organs by secretion of cytokines (hepatokines, myokines, and adipokines) [40].”
BackgroundMetabolic-Associated Fatty Liver Disease and Sarcopenia
Bali, T., Chrysavgis, L., & Cholongitas, Ε. (2023) · Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.ecl.2023.02.004 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Kung, M., Yang, T., Lin, C., Ho, J., Hung, T., Chang, C., Huang, K., Chen, C., & Chen, Y. (2024) · Journal of Cachexia Sarcopenia and Muscle · doi:10.1002/jcsm.13460 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“32 We further investigated the role of ADAR2 in obesity-induced chronic in fl ammation.”
BackgroundSarcopenia in the setting of nonalcoholic fatty liver
Arrese, M. A., Cabello‐Verrugio, C., Arab, J. P., Francisco Barrera, M., Baudrand, R. F., Guarda, F. J., Gul, I., & Cabrera, D. (2022) · Metabolism and Target Organ Damage · doi:10.20517/mtod.2021.16 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
What Does Sarcopenia Have to Do with Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease?
Ferenc, K., Jarmakiewicz-Czaja, S., & Filip, R. (2023) · Life · doi:10.3390/life14010037 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“These broad-spectrum functions of hepatokines may explain the relationship between adipose tissue, muscle tissue, and the liver [131].”
BackgroundRivera, F. B., Adizas, A. V., Cubarrubias, D. L. P. F., Bantayan, N. R. B., Choi, S., Carado, G. P., Lerma, E. V., Vijayaraghavan, K., & Yu, M. G. (2024) · Journal of the ASEAN Federation of Endocrine Societies · doi:10.15605/jafes.039.01.04 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“29,31 SeP inhibits 5’AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) in the liver promoting the synthesis of leukocyte cell-derived chemotaxin-2 (LECT2), which induces IR in skeletal muscle.”
BackgroundChen, M., Liu, J., Xia, X., Wang, Y., & Zheng, H. (2024) · Frontiers in Medicine · doi:10.3389/fmed.2024.1422499 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“…suggests that rs429358 is situated within the APOE gene, which codes for apolipoprotein E (ApoE), a protein closely linked to lipid metabolism and cholesterol transport. rs429358, in conjunction with another SNP rs7412, determines the three primary alleles of the APOE gene: ε 2, ε 3, and ε 4 (31).”
BackgroundComparative analysis of the relationship between four hepatic steatosis indices and muscle mass
Lee, T., & Chung, T. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-28751-5 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Lonardo, A. (2021) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/nqab399 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Real‐Martínez, Y., Fernandez‐Garcia, C. E., Fuertes-Yebra, E., Soto, M. C., Berlana, Á., Barrios, V., Caldas, M., González‐Moreno, L., Garcı́a-Buey, L., Baena, B. M., et al. (2025) · World Journal of Gastroenterology · doi:10.3748/wjg.v31.i7.100039 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“The reported prevalence of sarcopenia in patients with MASLD is approximately 46% in patients with fibrosis, and approximately 25% in those without fibrosis, with variability across studies due to differences in sarcopenia definition[10,11].”
Sarcopenia as a Risk Factor for Mortality in NAFLD : How Should We Diagnose It?
Stankevicius, C., Davis, R. H., Huynh, D. K., Hatzi, M., Morgillo, S., & Day, A. S. (2024) · Journal of Digestive Diseases · doi:10.1111/1751-2980.13329 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Bie, L., Wu, C., & Wang, J. (2025) · World Journal of Hepatology · doi:10.4254/wjh.v17.i6.107931 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Ye, T., Mi, K., Zhu, L., Li, J. C., & Pan, C. Q. (2024) · Obesity Facts · doi:10.1159/000541650 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Suehiro, T., Kozuru, H., Matusmoto, K., Kugiyama, Y., Motoyoshi, Y., Saeki, A., Nagaoka, S., Yamasaki, K., Komori, A., & Yatsuhashi, H. (2025) · Hepatology Research · doi:10.1111/hepr.14162 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Editorial: Nutrition in prevention and management of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
Kouvari, M., Sergi, D., Zec, M. M., & Naumovski, N. (2023) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2023.1212363 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Real‐Martínez, Y., Fernandez‐Garcia, C. E., González‐Rodríguez, Á., Fuertes-Yebra, E., Soto, M. C., Berlana, Á., Barrios, V., Caldas, M., González‐Moreno, L., García-Buey, L., et al. (2024) · Preprints.org · doi:10.20944/preprints202406.1598.v1 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Organokinler ve Biyokimyasal Etkileri
İlhan, A., & Kökbaş, U. (2024) · Arşiv Kaynak Tarama Dergisi · doi:10.17827/aktd.1378295
Wang, X., Zhang, R., Yan, C., & Jin, Y. (2024) · European Journal of Gastroenterology & Hepatology · doi:10.1097/meg.0000000000002908
“…liver leads to hepatic steatosis, causing an elevation in the secretion of liver-derived proteins (hepatokines) in the blood, such as fetuin-A, disrupting pathways regulating glucose homeostasis, thereby boosting insulin resistance and systemic inflammation, leading to loss of muscle mass [62–64].”
Yilmaz, Y. N., Allen, A. M., Boursier, J., & Arab, J. P. (2026) · Clinics in Liver Disease · doi:10.1016/j.cld.2025.12.002
- Authors
- Mikolasevic, I., Pavic, T., Filipec Kanizaj, T., Bender, D. V., Domislovic, V., & Krznaric, Z.
- Affiliations
- Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospital Center Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Center “Sestre Milosrdnice”, Zagreb, Croatia
- Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospital Merkur, Zagreb, Croatia
- University Hospital Centre Zagreb, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology & Unit of Clinical Nutrition, Zagreb, Croatia
- Department for Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Center Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
- School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
- ORCID
- Venue
- Canadian Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2020-11-02
- Volume
- 2020
- Pages
- 1-12
- ISSN
- 2291-2789 (ISSN-L)
- 2291-2797
- PMC
- PMC7652636
- OpenAlex
- W3096416651
- Cited by
- 30
- References
- 95
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 4
- FWCI
- 0.51
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Canadian Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Liver Disease Diagnosis and Treatment
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Nutrition and Health in Aging
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Muscle Physiology and Disorders
- Keywords
- non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, sarcopenia, metabolic syndrome, insulin resistance, chronic inflammation, oxidative stress, hepatokines, adipokines, myokines, skeletal muscle mass, sarcopenia assessment, physical activity, dietary supplementation, vitamin D supplementation
- MeSH terms
- Humans, Insulin Resistance, Prospective Studies, Muscle, Skeletal, Sarcopenia, Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
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