The Use of Technology for Estimating Body Composition: Strengths and Weaknesses of Common Modalities in a Clinical Setting
Abstract
Assessment of body composition, both at single time points and longitudinally, is particularly important in clinical nutrition practice. It provides a means for the clinician to characterize nutrition status at a single time point, aiding in the identification and diagnosis of malnutrition, and to monitor changes over time by providing real‐time information on the adequacy of nutrition interventions. Objective body composition measurement tools are available clinically but are often underused in nutrition care, particularly in the United States. This is, in part, due to a number of factors concerning their use in a clinical context: cost and accessibility of equipment, as well as interpretability of the results. This article focuses on the factors influencing interpretation of results in a clinical setting. Body composition assessment, regardless of the method, is inherently limited by its indirect nature. Therefore, an understanding of the strengths and limitations of any method is essential for meaningful interpretation of its results. This review provides an overview of body composition technologies available clinically (computed tomography, dual‐energy x‐ray absorptiometry, bioimpedance, ultrasound) and discusses the strengths and limitations of each device.
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BIA is one of the most convenient techniques for assessing body composition in a clinical setting and in epidemiological approaches, mainly because it is easy to apply, fast, and non-invasive, in addition to having a relatively low cost.
“The BIA is one of the most convenient techniques for assessing body composition in a clinical setting and in epidemiological approaches, mainly, because it is easy to apply, fast, and non-invasive, in addition to having a relatively low cost (5, 45, 46).”
From Development and Cross-Validation of a Predictive Equation for Fat-Free Mass in Brazilian Adolescents by Bioelectrical Impedance (2022) · cites this paper as [46]
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Dudrick Research Symposium 2015—Lean Tissue and Protein in Health and Disease
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Sarcopenic obesity in older adults: aetiology, epidemiology and treatment strategies
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Skeletal Muscle Ultrasound in Critical Care: A Tool in Need of Translation
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“Furthermore, using CT imaging to assess sarcopenia from reference cutpoints or to track muscle changes longitudinally is subject to errors caused by differences in patient positioning, the use of contrast dye (the effect of which on muscle measures is not well studied), technician variability, voltage and other device…”
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Self-citationHarnessing Muscle–Liver Crosstalk to Treat Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis
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Body Composition Technology: Implications for the ICU
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Nutritional changes in patients with locally advanced head and neck cancer during treatment.
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Self-citationMuscle Composition Analysis of Ultrasound Images: A Narrative Review of Texture Analysis
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Harris‐Love, M. O., Avila, N. A., Adams, B., Zhou, J., Seamon, B. A., Ismail, C., Zaidi, S. H. E., Kassner, C. A., Liu, F., & Blackman, M. R. (2018) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm7100340 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
“This is largely due to the cost and access constraints associated with the use of computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for the assessment of body composition or age-related muscle dysfunction [5,6].”
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Nutritional State and COPD: Effects on Dyspnoea and Exercise Tolerance
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Nutrition Status and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Can We Move Beyond the Body Mass Index?
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Self-citationClinical Application of Body Composition Methods in Premature Infants
Nagel, E., Hickey, M. K., Teigen, L. M., Kuchnia, A. J., Curran, K., Soumekh, L., Earthman, C. P., Demerath, E. W., & Ramel, S. E. (2020) · Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition · doi:10.1002/jpen.1803 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Self-citationEarly detection and assessment of intensive care unit-acquired weakness: a comprehensive review
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“Clinicians must rely on accessible methods for assessing muscle mass and quality [49].”
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Body Composition in Children with Chronic Illness: Accuracy of Bedside Assessment Techniques
Martinez, E. E., Smallwood, C. D., Quinn, N. L., Ariagno, K. A., Bechard, L. J., Duggan, C., & Mehta, N. M. (2017) · The Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2017.07.045 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic and alterations of body composition.
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Body Composition Methods in Adults with Type 2 Diabetes or at Risk for T2D: a Clinical Review
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“Both DEXA and BIA are limited by inaccuracy in patients with cirrhosis (ascites or edema) and by device and software differences.(57) BIA requires specific equations for groups based on age, ethnicity, or clinical condition; the results of a reference population are needed to develop these equations to get an accurate…”
BackgroundMyosteatosis as a Shared Biomarker for Sarcopenia and Cachexia Using MRI and Ultrasound
Lortie, J. J., Rush, B., Osterbauer, K. J., Colgan, T. J., Tamada, D., Garlapati, S., Campbell, T. C., Traynor, A. M., Leal, T. A. B., Patel, V., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Rehabilitation Sciences · doi:10.3389/fresc.2022.896114 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“MRI also allows for high resolution imaging, but without the need for ionizing radiation though is more expensive and contraindicated in some patients with metallic implants or claustrophobia (13, 14).”
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“The BIA is one of the most convenient techniques for assessing body composition in a clinical setting and in epidemiological approaches, mainly, because it is easy to apply, fast, and noninvasive, in addition to having a relatively low cost (5, 45, 46).”
MethodMaeda, S. S., Albergaria, B., Szejnfeld, V. L., Lazaretti‐Castro, M., Arantes, H. P., Ushida, M., Domiciano, D. S., Pereira, R. M. R., Marin-Mio, R. V., de Oliveira, M. L., et al. (2022) · Revista Brasileira de Reumatologia · doi:10.1186/s42358-022-00240-9 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
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“Among them, the BIA method has the advantages of simplicity of operation and accessibility and is mainly used for assessing body composition in the global clinical setting [6].”
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“Body composition assessment provides information on nutritional status at a given time, and when measured longitudinally is a surrogate measure of the adequacy of nutrition interventions [5].”
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Self-citationCan skinfold thickness equations be substituted for bioimpedance analysis in children?
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Combination of DXA and BIS Predicts Jump Power Better Than Traditional Measures of Sarcopenia
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Body Composition Post Pediatric Liver Transplant: Implications and Assessment
Perteet‐Jackson, A. D., Earthman, C. P., & Larson‐Nath, C. M. (2020) · Nutrition in Clinical Practice · doi:10.1002/ncp.10601 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
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Stable isotope approaches to study muscle mass outcomes in clinical populations
Chapple, L. S., Dirks, M. L., & Kouw, I. W. K. (2021) · Clinical Nutrition Open Science · doi:10.1016/j.nutos.2021.01.004 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
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“BIA indirectly estimates, via algorithms, intracellular and extracellular water as well as fat ‐ free mass, fat mass, and skeletal muscle mass. 15 The phase angle (PhA) which is the relationship between raw resistance and reactance (typically measured at 50 KHz), serves as an indicator of cell…”
No significant effect of caffeine on five kilometer running performance after muscle damage
Al‐Nawaiseh, A. M., PRITCHETT, R. C., Pritchett, K. L., Bataineh, M. F., Taifour, A. M., Bellar, D. M., Schoeff, M. A., Fox, B. D., Judge, A., & Judge, L. W. (2020) · International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research · doi:10.1024/0300-9831/a000683 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
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Diagnosis of Osteosarcopenia – Imaging
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Self-citationApplications of bioimpedance measurement in clinical and allied fields: a comprehensive review
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Self-citationAnalysis of Arterial Basins and Venous Drainage Zones in Kidneys with a Two-zone Blood Supply System
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“resection, mainly in organ-preserving operations [13-15].”
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Teigen, L. M. (2018) · University of Minnesota Digital Conservancy (University of Minnesota)
Self-citationBody Composition Assessment and Protein Recommendations In Clinical Populations
Price, K. L. (2020) · University of Minnesota Digital Conservancy (University of Minnesota)
Body composition assessment of premature infants in the neonatal intensive care unit
Nagel, E. (2019) · University of Minnesota Digital Conservancy (University of Minnesota)
Cinecità: Fábrica del arte escenográfico
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“Direct methods for assessing adiposity include DXA, computed tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), among others (Earthman 2015; Teigen et al. 2017).”
InfluentialФедоровна, Ш. Ю., Suchilova, M. M., Альфредовна, А. Д., Bezhenova, K. Y., Вячеславовна, К. И., & Mnatsakanyan, M. G. (2026) · Consilium Medicum · doi:10.26442/20751753.2026.5.203615
- Authors
- Teigen, L. M., Kuchnia, A. J., Mourtzakis, M., & Earthman, C. P.
- Affiliations
- University of Minnesota (US)
- University of Waterloo (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Earthman, Carrie P.
- Venue
- Nutrition in Clinical Practice
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2016-11-09
- Volume
- 32
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 20-29
- ISSN
- 0884-5336 (ISSN-L)
- 1941-2452
- OpenAlex
- W2584096274
- Semantic Scholar
- 1cd8bc3fb3d32a6d49dd61d21b3f029376c9c9b8
- Cited by
- 75
- References
- 124
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 7
- FWCI
- 4.79
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- Nutrition in Clinical Practice (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Body Composition Measurement Techniques
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Nutrition and Health in Aging
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Clinical Nutrition and Gastroenterology
- Keywords
- body composition assessment, clinical nutrition, malnutrition diagnosis, computed tomography, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, bioimpedance, ultrasound, technology limitations, interpretation of results
- MeSH terms
- Body Composition, Diffusion of Innovation, Humans, Tomography, X-Ray Computed, Ultrasonography, Absorptiometry, Photon, Nutrition Assessment, Electric Impedance, Malnutrition, Nutritional Sciences
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