Cyproterone acetate vs leuprolide acetate in combination with transdermal oestradiol in transwomen: a comparison of safety and effectiveness
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To retrospectively compare the effectiveness and safety of 1-year administration of transdermal oestradiol (TE) with cyproterone acetate (CPA) or leuprolide acetate (Leu) in transwomen. DESIGN, PATIENTS AND MEASUREMENTS: Forty transwomen received 50 mg of CPA daily orally (n = 20; CPA+E group) or Leu at a dose of 3·75 mg i.m. monthly (n = 20; Leu+E group) in combination with TE at a dose of 1 or 2 mg daily for 1 year. Reproductive hormones, biochemical parameters, body composition and bone mineral density were assessed. RESULTS: LH, FSH and total testosterone levels were significantly decreased by month three of hormone administration in both groups and continued to decrease until month 12; the decrease in LH levels in the first 12 months was significantly faster in the Leu+E group. Prolactin was significantly increased at month 12 in the CPA+E group only. Bone metabolism parameters and bone mineral density as detected at DEXA did not significantly change in either group, apart from a statistically significant increase in parathyroid hormone after 52 weeks of Leu administration. Total cholesterol and HDL-cholesterol were significantly increased in the Leu+E group and reduced in the CPA+E group. No major adverse effects were registered in either group. Psychological well-being parameters did not differ between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS: Preliminary results from this retrospective observational pilot study suggest that CPA and Leu in combination with TE are equally effective in the suppression of gonadotrophins and testosterone levels over 1 year. Whether the different effects on HDL-cholesterol may lead to long-term different cardiovascular safety profiles remains to be defined.
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The one study that failed to demonstrate significant changes in lean body mass was not an outlier in any obvious way.
“The one study that failed to demonstrate significant changes in LBM46 was not an outlier in any obvious way.”
Twelve longitudinal studies have examined the effects of testosterone suppression on lean body mass or muscle size in transgender women.
“Including Gooren and Bunck [62], 12 longitudinal studies [53, 63–73] have examined the effects of testosterone suppression on lean body mass or muscle size in transgender women.”
From Transgender Women in the Female Category of Sport: Perspectives on Testosterone Suppression and Performance Advantage (2021) · cites this paper as [66]
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- Authors
- Gava, G., Cerpolini, S., Martelli, V., Battista, G., Seracchioli, R., & Meriggiola, M. C.
- Affiliations
- IRCCS Azienda Ospedliero-Universitaria di Bologna Policlinico di Sant'Orsola (IT)
- Corresponding author
- Meriggiola, Maria Cristina
- Venue
- Clinical Endocrinology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2016-03-21
- Volume
- 85
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 239-246
- ISSN
- 0300-0664 (ISSN-L)
- 1365-2265
- OpenAlex
- W2296223469
- Cited by
- 83
- References
- 24
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 1
- FWCI
- 12.58
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Clinical Endocrinology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › LGBTQ Health, Identity, and Policy
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Hormonal and reproductive studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Reproductive Medicine › Ovarian function and disorders
- Keywords
- transdermal estradiol, cyproterone acetate, leuprolide, transgender women, gender-affirming hormone therapy, gonadotropin suppression, testosterone suppression, prolactin, bone mineral density, parathyroid hormone, HDL cholesterol, cardiovascular safety, body composition
- MeSH terms
- Androgen Antagonists, Drug Therapy, Combination, Estradiol, Female, Fertility Agents, Female, Gonadotropins, Humans, Cholesterol, HDL, Male, Retrospective Studies, Testosterone, Leuprolide, Treatment Outcome, Cyproterone Acetate, Transgender Persons
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