Cross-sex pattern of bone mineral density in early onset gender identity disorder
Abstract
Hormonally controlled differences in bone mineral density (BMD) between males and females are well studied. The effects of cross-sex hormones on bone metabolism in patients with early onset gender identity disorder (EO-GID), however, are unclear. We examined BMD, total body fat (TBF) and total lean body mass (TLBM) in patients prior to initiation of sex hormone treatment and during treatment at months 3 and 12. The study included 33 EO-GID patients who were approved for sex reassignment and a control group of 122 healthy Norwegians (males, n=77; females, n=45). Male patients (n=12) received an oral dose of 50 mug ethinylestradiol daily for the first 3 months and 100 mug daily thereafter. Female patients (n=21) received 250 mg testosterone enantate intramuscularly every third week. BMD, TBF and TLBM were estimated using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). In male patients, the DXA measurements except TBF were significantly lower compared to their same-sex control group at baseline and did not change during treatment. In female patients, the DXA measurements were slightly higher than in same-sex controls at baseline and also remained unchanged during treatment. In conclusion, this study reports that body composition and bone density of EO-GID patients show less pronounced sex differences compared to controls and that bone density was unaffected by cross-sex hormone treatment.
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Three cross-sectional studies reported that transwomen had 6.4% and 8.0% lower lean body mass than cisgender men and reductions of 4% in lean body mass in transwomen with 12 months of GAHT.
“These studies reported 6.4% and 8.0% lower LBM than in cisgender men and reductions of 4% in LBM in the transwomen with 12 months of GAHT.”
Compared with cisgender men, hormone-naive transwomen demonstrate 6.4%-8.0% lower lean body mass.
“hormone-naive transwomen demonstrate 6.4%–8.0% lower LBM,41 51”
Twelve longitudinal studies have examined the effects of testosterone suppression on lean body mass or muscle size in transgender women.
“Including Gooren and Bunck [62], 12 longitudinal studies [53, 63–73] have examined the effects of testosterone suppression on lean body mass or muscle size in transgender women.”
From Transgender Women in the Female Category of Sport: Perspectives on Testosterone Suppression and Performance Advantage (2021) · cites this paper as [63]
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- Authors
- Haraldsen, I. R., Haug, E., Falch, J., Egeland, T., & Opjordsmoen, S.
- Affiliations
- University of Oslo (NO)
- Oslo University Hospital (NO)
- Corresponding author
- Haraldsen, I.R.
- Venue
- Hormones and Behavior
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2007-09
- Volume
- 52
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 334-343
- ISSN
- 0018-506X (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2049000320
- Cited by
- 113
- References
- 94
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 22 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 3 · 2012: 3
- FWCI
- 3.22
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Hormones and Behavior (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Norges Forskningsråd
- National Institutes of Health
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › LGBTQ Health, Identity, and Policy
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Sexual Differentiation and Disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Bone health and osteoporosis research
- Keywords
- bone mineral density, sex differences, ethinyl estradiol, body composition, total body fat, lean body mass, sex reassignment, bone metabolism
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Age Factors, Body Composition, Bone and Bones, Ethinyl Estradiol, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Gender Identity, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Sex Characteristics, Gonadal Steroid Hormones, Testosterone, Transsexualism, Absorptiometry, Photon, Bone Density, Statistics, Nonparametric
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