Improvement in inner retinal function in glaucoma with nicotinamide (vitamin B3 ) supplementation: A crossover randomized clinical trial
Open accessPublished version of a preprint
Abstract
Importance: Retinal ganglion cells endure significant metabolic stress in glaucoma but maintain capacity to recover function. Nicotinamide, a precursor of NAD + , is low in serum of glaucoma patients and its supplementation provides robust protection of retinal ganglion cells in preclinical models. However, the potential of nicotinamide in human glaucoma is unknown. Background: To examine the effects of nicotinamide on inner retinal function in glaucoma, in participants receiving concurrent glaucoma therapy. Design: Crossover, double‐masked, randomized clinical trial. Participants recruited from two tertiary care centres. Participants: Fifty‐seven participants, diagnosed and treated for glaucoma. Methods: Participants received oral placebo or nicotinamide and reviewed six‐weekly. Participants commenced 6 weeks of 1.5 g/day then 6 weeks of 3.0 g/day followed by crossover without washout. Visual function measured using electroretinography and perimetry. Main outcome measures: Change in inner retinal function, determined by photopic negative response (PhNR) parameters: saturated PhNR amplitude (Vmax), ratio of PhNR/b‐wave amplitude (Vmax ratio). Results: PhNR Vmax improved beyond 95% coefficient of repeatability in 23% of participants following nicotinamide vs 9% on placebo. Overall, Vmax improved by 14.8% [95% CI: 2.8%, 26.9%], ( P = .02) on nicotinamide and 5.2% [−4.2%, 14.6%], ( P = .27) on placebo. Vmax ratio improved by 12.6% [5.0%, 20.2%], ( P = .002) following nicotinamide, 3.6% [−3.4%, 10.5%], ( P = .30) on placebo. A trend for improved visual field mean deviation was observed with 27% improving ≥1 dB on nicotinamide and fewer deteriorating (4%) compared to placebo ( P = .02). Conclusions: Nicotinamide supplementation can improve inner retinal function in glaucoma. Further studies underway to elucidate the effects of long‐term nicotinamide supplementation.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Global Prevalence of Glaucoma and Projections of Glaucoma Burden through 2040
Tham, Y.-C., Li, X., Wong, T. Y., Quigley, H. A., Aung, T., & Cheng, C.-Y. (2014) · Ophthalmology · doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2014.05.013 · Cited by 7,159 · see citing works
Sex Differences in Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics
Soldin, O. P., & Mattison, D. R. (2009) · Clinical Pharmacokinetics · doi:10.2165/00003088-200948030-00001 · Cited by 1,163 · see citing works
Mills, K. F., Yoshida, S., Stein, L. R., Grozio, A., Kubota, S., Sasaki, Y., Redpath, P., Migaud, M. E., Apte, R. S., Uchida, K., et al. (2016) · Cell Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2016.09.013 · Cited by 930 · see citing works
A Phase 3 randomized trial of nicotinamide for skin-cancer chemoprevention
Chen, A. C., Martin, A. J., Choy, B., Fernández-Peñas, P., Dalziell, R. A., McKenzie, C. A., Scolyer, R. A., Dhillon, H. M., Vardy, J. L., Kricker, A., et al. (2015) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa1506197 · Cited by 648 · see citing works
ISCEV standard for clinical pattern electroretinography (PERG): 2012 update
Bach, M., Brigell, M., Hawlina, M., Holder, G. E., Johnson, M. A., McCulloch, D. L., Meigen, T., & Viswanáthan, S. (2012) · Documenta Ophthalmologica · doi:10.1007/s10633-012-9353-y · Cited by 636 · see citing works
Vitamin B <sub>3</sub> modulates mitochondrial vulnerability and prevents glaucoma in aged mice
Williams, P. A., Harder, J. M., Foxworth, N. E., Cochran, K. E., Philip, V. M., Porciatti, V., Smithies, O., & John, S. W. M. (2017) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aal0092 · Cited by 617 · see citing works
Self-citationFluctuation of Intraocular Pressure and Glaucoma Progression in the Early Manifest Glaucoma Trial
Bengtsson, B., Leske, M. C., Hyman, L., & Heijl, A. (2006) · Ophthalmology · doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2006.07.060 · Cited by 452 · see citing works
On the Proper Use of the Crossover Design in Clinical Trials
Wellek, S., & Blettner, M. (2012) · Deutsches Ärzteblatt international · doi:10.3238/arztebl.2012.0276 · Cited by 424 · see citing works
Safety of high-dose nicotinamide: a review
Knip, M., Douek, I. F., Moore, W. P. T., Gillmor, H. A., McLean, A. E. M., Bingley, P. J., & Gale, E. A. M. (2000) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s001250051536 · Cited by 423 · see citing works
Musch, D. C. (1999) · Ophthalmology · doi:10.1016/s0161-6420(99)90147-1 · Cited by 406 · see citing works
Wiggs, J. L., & Pasquale, L. R. (2017) · Human Molecular Genetics · doi:10.1093/hmg/ddx184 · Cited by 380 · see citing works
Mitophagy in neurodegeneration and aging
Fivenson, E. M., Lautrup, S., Sun, N., Scheibye-Knudsen, M., Stevnsner, T., Nilsen, H., Bohr, V. A., & Fang, E. F. (2017) · Neurochemistry International · doi:10.1016/j.neuint.2017.02.007 · Cited by 364 · see citing works
Mitochondrial Sirtuins and Molecular Mechanisms of Aging
van de Ven, R. A. H., Santos, D., & Haigis, M. C. (2017) · Trends in Molecular Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.molmed.2017.02.005 · Cited by 309 · see citing works
The photopic negative response of the flash electroretinogram in primary open angle glaucoma.
Viswanáthan, S., Frishman, L. J., Robson, J. G., & Walters, J. W. (2001) · PubMed · Cited by 273 · see citing works
Relationship between electrophysiological, psychophysical, and anatomical measurements in glaucoma.
Garway‐Heath, D. F., Holder, G. E., Fitzke, F. W., & Hitchings, R. A. (2002) · PubMed · Cited by 256 · see citing works
The Current State of Knowledge on Age, Sex, and Their Interactions on Clinical Pharmacology
Schwartz, J. B. (2007) · Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1038/sj.clpt.6100226 · Cited by 256 · see citing works
Ganglion cell contributions to the rat full‐field electroretinogram
Bui, B. V., & Fortune, B. A. (2003) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2003.052738 · Cited by 239 · see citing works
Modulating NAD+ metabolism, from bench to bedside
Katsyuba, E., & Auwerx, J. H. (2017) · The EMBO Journal · doi:10.15252/embj.201797135 · Cited by 224 · see citing works
Emerging therapeutic roles for NAD+ metabolism in mitochondrial and age‐related disorders
Srivastava, S. (2016) · Clinical and Translational Medicine · doi:10.1186/s40169-016-0104-7 · Cited by 193 · see citing works
Photopic negative response of the human ERG: losses associated with glaucomatous damage.
Colotto, A., Falsini, B., Salgarello, T., Iarossi, G., Galan, M. E., & Scullica, L. (2000) · PubMed · Cited by 155 · see citing works
VENTURA, L., & Porciatti, V. (2004) · Ophthalmology · doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2004.09.002 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Lee, S., Sheck, L. H. N., Crowston, J. G., Bergen, N. J. V., O’Neill, E. C., O’Hare, F., Kong, Y. X. G., Chrysostomou, V., Vincent, A. L., & Trounce, I. A. (2012) · Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science · doi:10.1167/iovs.12-9596 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Self-citationNicotinamide Deficiency in Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma
Nzoughet, J. K., de la Barca, J. M. C., Guehlouz, K., Leruez, S., Coulbault, L., Allouche, S., Bocca, C., Muller, J., Amati‐Bonneau, P., Gohier, P., et al. (2019) · Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science · doi:10.1167/iovs.19-27099 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Alqawlaq, S., Flanagan, J. G., & Sivak, J. M. (2018) · Experimental Eye Research · doi:10.1016/j.exer.2018.11.005 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Glaucoma as a Metabolic Optic Neuropathy: Making the Case for Nicotinamide Treatment in Glaucoma
Williams, P. A., Harder, J. M., & John, S. W. M. (2017) · Journal of Glaucoma · doi:10.1097/ijg.0000000000000767 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Self-citationThe coma in glaucoma: Retinal ganglion cell dysfunction and recovery
Fry, L. E., Fahy, E. T., Chrysostomou, V., Hui, F., Tang, J. J., van Wijngaarden, P., Petrou, S., & Crowston, J. G. (2018) · Progress in Retinal and Eye Research · doi:10.1016/j.preteyeres.2018.04.001 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Self-citationMitochondrial dysfunction in ocular disease: Focus on glaucoma
Kamel, K., Farrell, M., & O'Brien, C. J. (2017) · Mitochondrion · doi:10.1016/j.mito.2017.05.004 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Osborne, N. N., & del Olmo‐Aguado, S. (2012) · Current Opinion in Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.coph.2012.09.002 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Nicotinamide treatment robustly protects from inherited mouse glaucoma
Williams, P. A., Harder, J. M., Cardozo, B. H., Foxworth, N. E., & John, S. W. M. (2018) · Communicative & Integrative Biology · doi:10.1080/19420889.2017.1356956 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Self-citationTrabeculectomy Can Improve Long-Term Visual Function in Glaucoma
Caprioli, J., de Leon, J. M. S., Azarbod, P., Chen, A., Morales, E., Nouri‐Mahdavi, K., Coleman, A. L., Yu, F., & Afifi, A. A. (2015) · Ophthalmology · doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2015.09.027 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Baseline visual field characteristics in the ocular hypertension treatment study
Johnson, C. A., Keltner, J. L., Cello, K. E., Edwards, M., Kass, M. A., Gordon, M. O., Budenz, D. L., Gaasterland, D., & Werner, E. B. (2002) · Ophthalmology · doi:10.1016/s0161-6420(01)00948-4 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Chrysostomou, V., Galić, S., van Wijngaarden, P., Trounce, I. A., Steinberg, G. R., & Crowston, J. G. (2016) · Aging Cell · doi:10.1111/acel.12512 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Self-citationKong, Y. X. G., Bergen, N. V., Bui, B. V., Chrysostomou, V., Vingrys, A. J., Trounce, I. A., & Crowston, J. G. (2012) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2011.11.026 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Self-citationChen, M., Zhang, L., Xu, J., Chen, X., Gu, Y., Ren, Y., & Wang, K. (2019) · BMC Ophthalmology · doi:10.1186/s12886-019-1236-5 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Reversal of Retinal Ganglion Cell Dysfunction after Surgical Reduction of Intraocular Pressure
Sehi, M., Grewal, D. S., Goodkin, M. L., & Greenfield, D. S. (2010) · Ophthalmology · doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2010.08.049 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Evans, D. (2003) · British Journal of Ophthalmology · doi:10.1136/bjo.87.12.1463 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Crowston, J. G., Kong, Y. X. G., Trounce, I. A., Dang, T. M., Fahy, E. T., Bui, B. V., Morrison, J. C., & Chrysostomou, V. (2015) · Experimental Eye Research · doi:10.1016/j.exer.2015.03.006 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Self-citationScotopic threshold response (STR) of the human electroretinogram.
Sieving, P. A., & Nino, C. (1988) · PubMed · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Niyadurupola, N., Luu, C. D., Nguyen, D. Q., Geddes, K., Tan, G. X. V., Wong, C. C. W., Tran, T. M., Coote, M., & Crowston, J. G. (2013) · Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science · doi:10.1167/iovs.12-10869 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Self-citationSchweier, C., Hanson, J. V. M., Funk, J., & Töteberg‐Harms, M. (2013) · BMC Ophthalmology · doi:10.1186/1471-2415-13-44 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
The pharmacokinetics of nicotinamide in humans and rodents
Petley, A., Macklin, B., Renwick, A. G., & Wilkin, T. J. (1995) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diab.44.2.152 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Gandolfi, S., Cimino, L., Sangermani, C., Ungaro, N., Mora, P., & Tardini, M. G. (2004) · Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science · doi:10.1167/iovs.04-0199 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Wright, T. M., Goharian, I., Gardiner, S. K., Sehi, M., & Greenfield, D. S. (2014) · American Journal of Ophthalmology · doi:10.1016/j.ajo.2014.11.012 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Scotopic stimulus/response relations of the B-wave of the electroretinogram
Fulton, A. B., & Hansen, R. M. (1988) · Documenta Ophthalmologica · doi:10.1007/bf00156435 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Ocular Effects of Niacin: A Review of the Literature.
Domanico, D., Verboschi, F., Altimari, S., Zompatori, L., & Vingolo, E. M. (2015) · Medical Hypothesis Discovery & Innovation in Ophthalmology · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Glucose-Induced Temporary Visual Recovery in Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma
Casson, R. J., Han, G., Ebneter, A., Chidlow, G., Glihotra, J., Newland, H. S., & Wood, J. P. M. (2014) · Ophthalmology · doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2013.12.011 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Self-citationReversibility of Retinal Ganglion Cell Dysfunction From Chronic IOP Elevation
Zhao, D. Y., Wong, V. H. Y., Nguyen, C. T. O., Jobling, A. I., Fletcher, E. L., Vingrys, A. J., & Bui, B. V. (2019) · Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science · doi:10.1167/iovs.19-27113 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Joshi, N. R., Ly, E., & Viswanáthan, S. (2017) · Documenta Ophthalmologica · doi:10.1007/s10633-017-9591-0 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Tang, J. J., Hui, F., Hadoux, X., Sarossy, M., van Wijngaarden, P., Coote, M., & Crowston, J. G. (2018) · Translational Vision Science & Technology · doi:10.1167/tvst.7.6.27 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Self-citationBaseline Detrending for the Photopic Negative Response
Tang, J. J., Hui, F., Coote, M., Crowston, J. G., & Hadoux, X. (2018) · Translational Vision Science & Technology · doi:10.1167/tvst.7.5.9 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Self-citationTargeting retinal ganglion cell recovery
Crowston, J. G., Fahy, E. T., Fry, L. E., Trounce, I. A., van Wijngaarden, P., Petrou, S., & Chrysostomou, V. (2017) · Eye · doi:10.1038/eye.2016.281 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Self-citationBinns, A. M., Mortlock, K. E., & North, R. V. (2011) · Documenta Ophthalmologica · doi:10.1007/s10633-010-9257-7 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Assessment of linear-scale indices for perimetry in terms of progression in early glaucoma
Gardiner, S. K., Demirel, S., Johnson, C. A., & Swanson, W. H. (2011) · Vision Research · doi:10.1016/j.visres.2011.06.009 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Shibeeb, O., Chidlow, G., Han, G., Wood, J. P. M., & Casson, R. J. (2015) · Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology · doi:10.1111/ceo.12581 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Self-citationHui, F., Tang, J. J., Hadoux, X., Coote, M., & Crowston, J. G. (2018) · Translational Vision Science & Technology · doi:10.1167/tvst.7.6.26 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Self-citationNicotinamide Deficiency in Primary Open-Angle GlaucomaPreprint
Nzoughet, J. K., de la Barca, J. M. C., Guehlouz, K., et al. (2019) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/571638 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Gandolfi, S., Cimino, L., & Vecchi, M. (1997) · Acta Ophthalmologica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0420.1997.tb00470.x · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Casson, R. J., Han, G., Ebneter, A., Chidlow, G., Glihotra, J., Newland, H., & Wood, J. P. M. (2014) · doi:10.7892/boris.73575 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 11
- [6]6. Koltai E, Szabo Z, Atalay M, et al. Exercise alters SIRT1, SIRT6, NAD and NAMPT levels in skeletal muscle of aged rats. Mech Ageing Dev 2010;131(1):21-8.
- [8]8. Rajman L, Chwalek K, Sinclair DA. Therapeutic Potential of NAD-Boosting Molecules: The In Vivo Evidence. Cell Metab 2018;27(3):529-47.
- [9]9. Liebmann JM, Cioffi GA. Nicking Glaucoma with Nicotinamide? N Engl J Med 2017;376(21):2079-81.
- [10]10. Williams PA, Harder JM, Foxworth NE, et al. Vitamin B3 modulates mitochondrial vulnerability and prevents glaucoma in aged mice. Science 2017;355(6326):756-60.
- [13]13. Ranchoff RE, Tomecki KJ. Niacin or niacinamide? Nicotinic acid or nicotinamide? What is the difference? J Am Acad Dermatol 1986;15(1):116-7.
- [22]22. Naka KI, Rushton WA. S-potentials from colour units in the retina of fish (Cyprinidae). J Physiol 1966;185(3):536-55.
- [27]27. Van Bergen NJ, Crowston JG, Craig JE, et al. Measurement of Systemic Mitochondrial Function in Advanced Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma and Leber Hereditary Optic Neuropathy. PLoS One 2015;10(10):e0140919.
- [32]32. Salgarello T, Falsini B, Stifano G, et al. Morpho-functional follow-up of the optic nerve in treated ocular hypertension: disc morphometry and steady-state pattern electroretinogram. Curr Eye Res 2008;33(8):709-21.
- [33]33. Prata TS, Piassi MV, Melo LA, Jr. Changes in visual function after intraocular pressure reduction using antiglaucoma medications. Eye (Lond) 2009;23(5):1081-5.
- [37]37. Gandolfi SA. Improvement of visual field indices after surgical reduction of intraocular pressure. Ophthalmic Surg 1995;26(2):121-6.
- [40]40. The Glaucoma Laser Trial (GLT) and glaucoma laser trial follow-up study: 7. Results. Glaucoma Laser Trial Research Group. Am J Ophthalmol 1995;120(6):718-31.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Jayaram, H., Kolko, M., Friedman, D. S., & Gazzard, G. (2023) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(23)01289-8 · Cited by 632 · see citing works
Tribble, J. R., Otmani, A., Sun, S., Ellis, S. A., Cimaglia, G., Vohra, R., Jöe, M., Lardner, E., Venkataraman, A. P., Domínguez‐Vicent, A., et al. (2021) · Redox Biology · doi:10.1016/j.redox.2021.101988 · Cited by 233 · see citing works
Self-citationNicotinamide and Pyruvate for Neuroenhancement in Open-Angle Glaucoma
Moraes, C. G. D., John, S. W. M., Williams, P. A., Blumberg, D. M., Cioffi, G. A., & Liebmann, J. M. (2021) · JAMA Ophthalmology · doi:10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2021.4576 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
Self-citationRetinal energy metabolism in health and glaucoma
Casson, R. J., Chidlow, G., Crowston, J. G., Williams, P. A., & Wood, J. P. M. (2020) · Progress in Retinal and Eye Research · doi:10.1016/j.preteyeres.2020.100881 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Self-citationDominant optic atrophy: Culprit mitochondria in the optic nerve
Lenaers, G., Neutzner, A., Dantec, Y. L., Jüschke, C., Xiao, T., Decembrini, S., Swirski, S., Kieninger, S., Ağca, C., Kim, U. S., et al. (2020) · Progress in Retinal and Eye Research · doi:10.1016/j.preteyeres.2020.100935 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Therapeutic application of natural products: NAD+ metabolism as potential target
Guo, C., Huang, Q., Wang, Y., Yao, Y., Li, J., Chen, J., Wu, M., Zhang, Z., Mingyao, E., Qi, H., et al. (2023) · Phytomedicine · doi:10.1016/j.phymed.2023.154768 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Neuroprotection in glaucoma: Mechanisms beyond intraocular pressure lowering
Tribble, J. R., Hui, F., Quintero, H., Hajji, S. E., Bell, K. C., Polo, A. D., & Williams, P. A. (2023) · Molecular Aspects of Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.mam.2023.101193 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Self-citationAngeletti, C., Amici, A., Gilley, J., Loreto, A., Trapanotto, A. G., Antoniou, C., Merlini, E., Coleman, M. P., & Orsomando, G. (2022) · iScience · doi:10.1016/j.isci.2022.103812 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Addressing neurodegeneration in glaucoma: Mechanisms, challenges, and treatments
Ghanem, G. O. B., Wareham, L. K., & Calkins, D. J. (2024) · Progress in Retinal and Eye Research · doi:10.1016/j.preteyeres.2024.101261 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
From Oxidative Stress to Inflammation in the Posterior Ocular Diseases: Diagnosis and Treatment
Dammak, A., Huete‐Toral, F., Carpena‐Torres, C., Martín‐Gil, A., Pastrana, C., & Carracedo, G. (2021) · Pharmaceutics · doi:10.3390/pharmaceutics13091376 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Soucy, J. R., Aguzzi, E. A., Cho, J. Y., Gilhooley, M. J., Keuthan, C. J., Luo, Z., Monavarfeshani, A., Saleem, M. A., Wang, X., Wohlschlegel, J., et al. (2023) · Molecular Neurodegeneration · doi:10.1186/s13024-023-00655-y · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Self-citationOxidative Stress and Hypoxia Modify Mitochondrial Homeostasis During Glaucoma
Jassim, A. H., Fan, Y., Pappenhagen, N., Nsiah, N. Y., & Inman, D. M. (2021) · Antioxidants and Redox Signaling · doi:10.1089/ars.2020.8180 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Glaucoma Clinical Research: Trends in Treatment Strategies and Drug Development
Storgaard, L. H., Tran, T. L., Freiberg, J. C., Hauser, A. S., & Kolko, M. (2021) · Frontiers in Medicine · doi:10.3389/fmed.2021.733080 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Medical therapy for glaucoma: A review
Casson, R. J. (2022) · Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology · doi:10.1111/ceo.13989 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Self-citationClinical and Experimental Ophthalmology at 50
Cartwright, V. A. (2022) · Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology · doi:10.1111/ceo.14031 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Treatment of Glaucoma with Natural Products and Their Mechanism of Action: An Update
Sim, R. H., Sirasanagandla, S. R., Das, S., & Teoh, S. L. (2022) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu14030534 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Belforte, N., Agostinone, J., Alarcon-Martinez, L., Villafranca-Baughman, D., Dotigny, F., Cueva Vargas, J. L., & Di Polo, A. (2021) · Molecular Neurodegeneration · doi:10.1186/s13024-021-00466-z · Cited by 67 · see citing works
“Age-dependent decline in retinal nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) was reported in an inherited glaucoma model, and administration of the NAD precursor vitamin B3 promoted neuroprotection in mice and improved retinal function in patients [23, 52].”
BackgroundSharif, N. A. (2021) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2021.729249 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Lambuk, L., Lazaldin, M. A. M., Ahmad, S., Iezhitsa, I. N., Agarwal, R., Uskoković, V., & Mohamud, R. (2022) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2022.875662 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Oxidative Stress: A Suitable Therapeutic Target for Optic Nerve Diseases?
Buonfiglio, F., Böhm, E. W., Pfeiffer, N., & Gericke, A. (2023) · Antioxidants · doi:10.3390/antiox12071465 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Arthur‐Farraj, P., & Coleman, M. P. (2021) · Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1007/s13311-021-01125-3 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Protection of retinal ganglion cells in glaucoma: Current status and future
Shen, J., Wang, Y., & Yao, K. (2021) · Experimental Eye Research · doi:10.1016/j.exer.2021.108506 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Natural Products: Evidence for Neuroprotection to Be Exploited in Glaucoma
Adornetto, A., Rombolà, L., Morrone, L. A., Nucci, C., Corasaniti, M. T., Bagetta, G., & Russo, R. (2020) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu12103158 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Immune Responses in the Glaucomatous Retina: Regulation and Dynamics
Shestopalov, V. I., Spurlock, M. S., Gramlich, O. W., & Kuehn, M. H. (2021) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells10081973 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Targeting Diet and Exercise for Neuroprotection and Neurorecovery in Glaucoma
Tribble, J. R., Hui, F., Jöe, M., Bell, K. C., Chrysostomou, V., Crowston, J. G., & Williams, P. A. (2021) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells10020295 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Self-citationNeuroprotection in Glaucoma: NAD+/NADH Redox State as a Potential Biomarker and Therapeutic Target
Petriti, B., Williams, P. A., Lascaratos, G., Chau, K., & Garway‐Heath, D. F. (2021) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells10061402 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Self-citationBeykin, G., Stell, L., Halim, M. S., Nuñez, M., Popova, L., Nguyen, B. T., Groth, S. L., Dennis, A., Li, Z., Atkins, M., et al. (2021) · American Journal of Ophthalmology · doi:10.1016/j.ajo.2021.11.002 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
NMNAT2 is a druggable target to drive neuronal NAD production
Tribble, J. R., Jöe, M., Varricchio, C., Otmani, A., Canovai, A., Habchi, B., Daskalakis, E., Chaleckis, R., Loreto, A., Gilley, J., et al. (2024) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-024-50354-5 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Self-citationZhang, W., Ren, H., Chen, W., Hu, B., Feng, C., Li, P., Shi, Y., & Fang, J. (2025) · Cell Death Discovery · doi:10.1038/s41420-025-02672-w · Cited by 46 · see citing works
NAD+ Metabolism, Metabolic Stress, and Infection
Groth, B., Venkatakrishnan, P., & Lin, S.-J. (2021) · Frontiers in Molecular Biosciences · doi:10.3389/fmolb.2021.686412 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Kurzawa‐Akanbi, M., Tzoumas, N., Corral-Serrano, J. C., Guarascio, R., STEEL, D. H., Cheetham, M. E., Armstrong, L., & Lako, M. (2024) · Progress in Retinal and Eye Research · doi:10.1016/j.preteyeres.2024.101248 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
NAD salvage pathway machinery expression in normal and glaucomatous retina and optic nerve
Tribble, J. R., Hagström, A., Jusseaume, K., Lardner, E., Wong, R. C. B., Stålhammar, G., & Williams, P. A. (2023) · Acta Neuropathologica Communications · doi:10.1186/s40478-023-01513-0 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Self-citationZhang, X., Zhang, N., Chrenek, M. A., Girardot, P. E., Wang, J., Sellers, J. T., Geisert, E. E., Brenner, C., Nickerson, J. M., Boatright, J. H., et al. (2021) · Pharmaceutics · doi:10.3390/pharmaceutics13060893 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Taechameekietichai, T., Chansangpetch, S., Peerawaranun, P., & Lin, S. C. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13124263 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Cimaglia, G., Votruba, M., Morgan, J. E., André, H., & Williams, P. A. (2020) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu12092871 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Self-citationMainville, L., Smilga, A.-S., & Fortin, P. R. (2022) · Journal of Cutaneous Medicine and Surgery · doi:10.1177/12034754221078201 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Suppression of Oxidative Stress as Potential Therapeutic Approach for Normal Tension Glaucoma
Harada, C., Noro, T., Kimura, A. K., Guo, X., Namekata, K., Nakano, T., & Harada, T. (2020) · Antioxidants · doi:10.3390/antiox9090874 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Axon Biology in ALS: Mechanisms of Axon Degeneration and Prospects for Therapy
Coleman, M. P. (2022) · Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1007/s13311-022-01297-6 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
“1 3 signs in clinical trials for some disorders [115].”
BackgroundAdvances in Neuroprotection in Glaucoma: Pharmacological Strategies and Emerging Technologies
Wang, L.-H., Huang, C.-H., & Lin, I. (2024) · Pharmaceuticals · doi:10.3390/ph17101261 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Restoring the oxidative balance in age-related diseases – An approach in glaucoma
Cáceres‐Vélez, P. R., Hui, F., Hercus, J., Bui, B. V., & Jusuf, P. R. (2022) · Ageing Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.arr.2022.101572 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Self-citationNeuroprotection in Glaucoma: Basic Aspects and Clinical Relevance
Kuo, C., & Liu, C. J.-L. (2022) · Journal of Personalized Medicine · doi:10.3390/jpm12111884 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Immunomodulatory and Antioxidant Drugs in Glaucoma Treatment
Buonfiglio, F., Pfeiffer, N., & Gericke, A. (2023) · Pharmaceuticals · doi:10.3390/ph16091193 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
NMN: The NAD precursor at the intersection between axon degeneration and anti-ageing therapies
Loreto, A., Antoniou, C., Merlini, E., Gilley, J., & Coleman, M. P. (2023) · Neuroscience Research · doi:10.1016/j.neures.2023.01.004 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Nutritional supplementation in the prevention and treatment of glaucoma
Chaudhry, S. G., Dunn, H., Carnt, N. A., & White, A. J. R. (2021) · Survey of Ophthalmology · doi:10.1016/j.survophthal.2021.12.001 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Neuroprotective Effects of Nicotinamide (Vitamin B3) on Neurodegeneration in Diabetic Rat Retinas
Jung, K. I., Han, J., & Park, C. K. (2022) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu14061162 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Gajendran, M. K., Rohowetz, L. J., Koulen, P., & Mehdizadeh, A. (2022) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2022.869137 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Stuart, K. V., Pasquale, L. R., Kang, J. H., Foster, P. J., & Khawaja, A. P. (2023) · Molecular Aspects of Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.mam.2023.101203 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Glymphatic imaging and modulation of the optic nerve
Kasi, A., Liu, C., Faiq, M. A., & Chan, K. C. (2021) · Neural Regeneration Research · doi:10.4103/1673-5374.324829 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Optic Nerve Neuroprotection in Glaucoma: A Narrative Review
D’Angelo, A., Vitiello, L., Lixi, F., Abbinante, G., Coppola, A., Gagliardi, V., Pellegrino, A., & Giannaccare, G. (2024) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm13082214 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Mastropasqua, L., Agnifili, L., Ferrante, C., Sacchi, M., Figus, M., Rossi, G. C. M., Brescia, L., Aloia, R., & Orlando, G. (2022) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu14142963 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Kumar, A., & Ou, Y. (2023) · Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology · doi:10.1111/ceo.14218 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Benjamin, C., & Crews, R. (2024) · Metabolites · doi:10.3390/metabo14060341 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Shukla, A. G., Cioffi, G. A., John, S. W. M., Wang, Q., & Liebmann, J. M. (2025) · Ophthalmology Glaucoma · doi:10.1016/j.ogla.2025.01.002 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Cheng, Y., Fung, M.-P., Chen, Y., & Chiu, Y.-C. (2024) · Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology · doi:10.1016/j.jddst.2024.105450 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Hajji, S. E., Shiga, Y., Belforte, N., Solorio, Y. C., Tastet, O., D’Onofrio, P. M., Dotigny, F., Prat, A., Arbour, N., Fortune, B. A., et al. (2024) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.adl5722 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Cimaglia, G., Tribble, J. R., Votruba, M., Williams, P. A., & Morgan, J. E. (2024) · Acta Neuropathologica Communications · doi:10.1186/s40478-024-01850-8 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Self-citationSarkis, S., Chamard, C., Johansen, B., Daïen, V., & Michon, F. (2025) · Frontiers in Medicine · doi:10.3389/fmed.2025.1527319 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Wolfram syndrome: new pathophysiological insights and therapeutic strategies
Mishra, R., Chen, B. S., Richa, P., & Yu‐Wai‐Man, P. (2021) · Therapeutic Advances in Rare Disease · doi:10.1177/26330040211039518 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
NAD + , Axonal Maintenance, and Neurological Disease
Alexandris, A. S., & Koliatsos, V. E. (2023) · Antioxidants and Redox Signaling · doi:10.1089/ars.2023.0350 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Kim, M.-J., Kim, J. Y., Rhim, W.-K., Cimaglia, G., Want, A., Morgan, J. E., Williams, P. A., Park, C. G., Han, D. K., & Rho, S. (2024) · Acta Neuropathologica Communications · doi:10.1186/s40478-024-01777-0 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Self-citationVitamin intake and glaucoma risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Han, F.-F., & Fu, X.-X. (2022) · Journal Français d Ophtalmologie · doi:10.1016/j.jfo.2021.10.010 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) intake increases plasma NMN and insulin levels in healthy subjects
Yamane, T., Imai, M., Bamba, T., & Uchiyama, S. (2023) · Clinical Nutrition ESPEN · doi:10.1016/j.clnesp.2023.04.031 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Velkovska, M. A., Goričar, K., Blagus, T., Dolžan, V., & Cvenkel, B. (2021) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm10051148 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Gemae, M. R., Bassi, M. D., Wang, P., Chin, E. K., & Almeida, D. R. P. (2024) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu16162795 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Next-Gen Neuroprotection in Glaucoma: Synergistic Molecules for Targeted Therapy
Martucci, A., Cesareo, M., Pinazo-Duran, M. D., Aiello, F., Pocobelli, G., Mancino, R., & Nucci, C. (2025) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm14176145 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Lee, P. Y., Zhao, D. Y., Wong, V. H. Y., Chrysostomou, V., Crowston, J. G., & Bui, B. V. (2022) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2022.859265 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Self-citationChen, T.-W., Wu, P., Wen, Y., Desai, T. D., Huang, C., Liu, P., & Tsai, R. (2022) · Antioxidants · doi:10.3390/antiox11122422 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Precision Medicine in Glaucoma: Artificial Intelligence, Biomarkers, Genetics and Redox State
Fea, A. M., Ricardi, F., Novarese, C., Cimorosi, F., Vallino, V., & Boscia, G. (2023) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms24032814 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
AIBP: A New Safeguard against Glaucomatous Neuroinflammation
Choi, S., Choi, S., Bastola, T., Park, Y. G., Oh, J., Keun-young Kim, A., Hwang, S., Miller, Y. I., & Ju, W. (2024) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells13020198 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Nicotinamide: Bright Potential in Glaucoma Management
Babighian, S., Gattazzo, I., Zanella, M. S., Galan, A., D’Esposito, F., Musa, M., Gagliano, C., Lapenna, L., & Zeppieri, M. (2024) · Biomedicines · doi:10.3390/biomedicines12081655 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Accelerated Epigenetic Aging Is Associated with Faster Glaucoma Progression
Medeiros, F. A., Varma, A., Jammal, A. A., Tseng, H. C., & Scott, W. K. (2024) · Ophthalmology · doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2024.12.034 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Vallabh, N. A., Armstrong, J. A., Czanner, G., McDonagh, B., Choudhary, A., Criddle, D. N., & Willoughby, C. E. (2022) · Free Radical Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2022.07.009 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Aboobakar, I. F., Kinzy, T. G., Zhao, Y. E., Fan, B., Pasquale, L. R., Qassim, A., Kolovos, A., Schmidt, J. M., Craig, J. E., Bailey, J. N. C., et al. (2023) · Ophthalmology · doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2023.02.018 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Glaucoma: neuroprotection with NAD-based therapeutic interventions
Chiarugi, A. (2023) · Trends in Pharmacological Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tips.2023.09.010 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Time–Frequency Analysis of ERG With Discrete Wavelet Transform and Matching Pursuits for Glaucoma
Sarossy, M., Crowston, J. G., Kumar, D., Weymouth, A. E., & Wu, Z. (2022) · Translational Vision Science & Technology · doi:10.1167/tvst.11.10.19 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Self-citationGustavsson, S. T., Enz, T. J., Tribble, J. R., Nilsson, M., Lindqvist, A., Lindén, C., Hagström, A., Rutigliani, C., Lardner, E., Stålhammar, G., et al. (2023) · Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science · doi:10.1167/iovs.64.14.34 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Self-citationHa, A., Kim, Y. K., Lee, C. K., Williams, P. A., Morgan, J. E., Shin, Y. I., Kim, E., Kim, M., & Rho, S. (2025) · British Journal of Ophthalmology · doi:10.1136/bjo-2025-328096 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Self-citationReview: Neuroprotective Nanocarriers in Glaucoma
Pei, K., Georgi, M., Hill, D., Lam, C. F. J., Wei, W., & Cordeiro, M. F. (2024) · Pharmaceuticals · doi:10.3390/ph17091190 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Oshitari, T. (2024) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms251910485 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Nonocular Influencing Factors for Primary Glaucoma: An Umbrella Review of Meta-Analysis
Li, W., Pan, J., Wei, M., Lv, Z., Chen, S., Qin, Y., & Li, N. (2021) · Ophthalmic Research · doi:10.1159/000519247 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Lee, S. Y., Tseng, V. L., Kitayama, K., Avallone, T. J., Yu, F., Pan, D., Caprioli, J., & Coleman, A. L. (2023) · Journal of Glaucoma · doi:10.1097/ijg.0000000000002216 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Sharif, N. A. (2023) · Pharmaceuticals · doi:10.3390/ph16060791 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Nutritional Supplements for Healthy Aging: A Critical Analysis Review
Kaufman, M. W., DeParis, S., Oppezzo, M., Mah, C. D., Roche, M. D., Frehlich, L., & Fredericson, M. (2024) · American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine · doi:10.1177/15598276241244725 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
The Role of NAD+ and Nicotinamide (Vitamin B3) in Glaucoma: A Literature Review
Pietris, J. (2022) · Journal of Nutritional Science and Vitaminology · doi:10.3177/jnsv.68.151 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
The use of Nicotinamide and Nicotinamide riboside as an adjunct therapy in the treatment of glaucoma
Silva, S. G. N. E., Occhiutto, M. L., & Costa, V. P. (2023) · European Journal of Ophthalmology · doi:10.1177/11206721231161101 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Oral nicotinamide for non-melanoma skin cancers: A review
Hunt, S. V., Jamison, A., & Malhotra, R. (2022) · Eye · doi:10.1038/s41433-022-02036-z · Cited by 12 · see citing works
From Bench to Bed: The Current Genome Editing Therapies for Glaucoma
He, M., Rong, R., Ji, D., & Xia, X. (2022) · Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology · doi:10.3389/fcell.2022.879957 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Otmani, A., Jóhannesson, G., Brautaset, R., Tribble, J. R., & Williams, P. A. (2024) · Acta Neuropathologica Communications · doi:10.1186/s40478-024-01724-z · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Self-citationProgrammed axon death: a promising target for treating retinal and optic nerve disorders
Loreto, A., Merlini, E., & Coleman, M. P. (2024) · Eye · doi:10.1038/s41433-024-03025-0 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Intraocular pressure induced blood retinal barrier compromise in mouse models and human glaucoma
Zhang, C., Lim, H., Ballheim, J. D., Simón, M., Fu, R., Tolman, N. G., Horbal, L. J., Juarez, F. A., Wang, Q., Bhandari, A., et al. (2026) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-026-71379-y · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Self-citationSharif, N. A. (2020) · ACS Pharmacology & Translational Science · doi:10.1021/acsptsci.0c00137 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Ciociola, E. C., Fernandez, E., Kaufmann, M., & Klifto, M. R. (2023) · Current Opinion in Ophthalmology · doi:10.1097/icu.0000000000001016 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Association Between High Blood Folate Levels and Glaucoma in a Representative Korean Population
Lee, J. Y., Choi, J. A., Park, S. P., & Jee, D. (2024) · Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science · doi:10.1167/iovs.65.1.6 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Vallabh, N. A., Lane, B. S., Simpson, D. A. C., Fuchs, M., Choudhary, A., Criddle, D. N., Cheeseman, R., & Willoughby, C. E. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-72684-6 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Tolman, N. G., Li, T., Balasubramanian, R., Li, G., Pfeiffer, R., Bupp-Chickering, V., Kelly, R. A., Simón, M., Peregrin, J., Montgomery, C. L., et al. (2026) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.107161.3 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Rossi, G. C. M., Rinaldi, M., Matarazzo, F., Strianese, D., Campagna, G., Ragione, M. L., Veneruso, P. E., Scapagnini, G., & Costagliola, C. (2025) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm14113774 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Sharif, N. A. (2022) · Current Research in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.crneur.2022.100037 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Stretch stress propels glutamine dependency and glycolysis in optic nerve head astrocytes
Pappenhagen, N., Yin, E. S., Morgan, A. B., Kiehlbauch, C. C., & Inman, D. M. (2022) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2022.957034 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Neuroprotection, Neuroenhancement, and Neuroregeneration of the Retina and Optic Nerve
Johnson, T. V., Polo, A. D., Sahel, J., & Schuman, J. S. (2022) · Ophthalmology Science · doi:10.1016/j.xops.2022.100216 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
- Authors
- Hui, F., Tang, J., Williams, P. A., McGuinness, M. B., Hadoux, X., Casson, R. J., Coote, M., Trounce, I. A., Martin, K. R., van Wijngaarden, P., & Crowston, J. G.
- Affiliations
- The Royal Victorian Eye & Ear Hospital (AU)
- The University of Melbourne (AU)
- Karolinska Institutet (SE)
- The University of Adelaide (AU)
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital Melbourne Australia
- Corresponding author
- Hui, Flora
- ORCID
- Venue
- Clinical & Experimental Ophthalmology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2020-07-28
- Volume
- 48
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 903-914
- ISSN
- 1442-6404 (ISSN-L)
- 1442-9071
- OpenAlex
- W3045788107
- Cited by
- 226
- References
- 56
- Citations by year
- 2026: 39 · 2025: 40 · 2024: 44 · 2023: 40 · 2022: 30 · 2021: 26 · 2020: 7
- FWCI
- 20.26
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology (publishedVersion)
- medRxiv (acceptedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Minerva Access (University of Melbourne) (submittedVersion)
- Adelaide Research & Scholarship (AR&S) (University of Adelaide) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Jack Brockhoff Foundation (4354 ‐ 2017)
- Ophthalmic Research Institute of Australia
- Vetenskapsrådet (2018‐02124)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Ophthalmology › Glaucoma and retinal disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Ophthalmology › Retinal Diseases and Treatments
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neurological Disorders and Treatments
- Keywords
- glaucoma, nicotinamide, inner retinal function, photopic negative response, electroretinogram, retinal ganglion cells, visual field mean deviation, neuroprotection
- MeSH terms
- Electroretinography, Glaucoma, Glaucoma, Open-Angle, Humans, Niacinamide, Photic Stimulation, Retina, Dietary Supplements
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
